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cn:ccr:formazione:centos7:2018-11:systemd-ctl-soluzioni

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systemd (esercitazione)

Esercitazioni sul modulo systemd.

Parte 1: Visualizzazione dello stato del sistema e proprieta' delle units

  1. Visualizzazione dello stato del sistema. 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status
● localhost.localdomain
    State: degraded
     Jobs: 0 queued
   Failed: 1 units
    Since: Mon 2018-11-26 07:22:35 EST; 22min ago
...
             │   └─1281 /sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 linux
             └─systemd-journald.service
               └─459 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
[root@localhost ~]#
  2. Identificazione della unit che ha fallito (a dopo la soluzione del problema) 
    root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-units --failed
  UNIT         LOAD   ACTIVE SUB    DESCRIPTION
● rngd.service loaded failed failed Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon

LOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.

1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status rngd
● rngd.service - Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rngd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:22:55 EST; 23min ago
  Process: 760 ExecStart=/sbin/rngd -f (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
 Main PID: 760 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)

Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon.
Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon...
Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Failed to init entropy source 0: Hardware RNG Device
Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Failed to init entropy source 1: TPM RNG Device
Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Failed to init entropy source 2: Intel RDRAND Instruction RNG
Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: can't open any entropy source
Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Maybe RNG device modules are not loaded
Nov 26 07:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: rngd.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Nov 26 07:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Unit rngd.service entered failed state.
Nov 26 07:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: rngd.service failed.
[root@localhost ~]#
  3. Visualizzazione di tutte le unit ed identificazione di eventuali problemi (units not found).
    Le unit not found sono unit non installate (no unit file) ma presenti in dipendenze di altre unit
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-units -a
  UNIT                                                                  LOAD      ACTIVE   SUB       DESCRIPTION
  proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount                                     loaded    active   waiting   Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Point
  dev-block-8:2.device                                                  loaded    active   plugged   LVM PV AAHlBZ-3dLf-gVNY-C5eK-ksMU-dAvH-0L6awx on /dev/sda2 2
...
  vmtoolsd.service                                                      loaded    inactive dead      Service for virtual machines hosted on VMware
● ypbind.service                                                        not-found inactive dead      ypbind.service
● yppasswdd.service                                                     not-found inactive dead      yppasswdd.service
● ypserv.service                                                        not-found inactive dead      ypserv.service
● ypxfrd.service                                                        not-found inactive dead      ypxfrd.service
...
  4. Verificare che la unit ypbind.service non e' installata (visualizzare stato e unit file)
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ypbind.service
Unit ypbind.service could not be found.
[root@localhost ~]#
  5. Cercare la unit che riporta ypbind.service tra le sue dipendenze 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies --after ypbind.service
ypbind.service
● └─rhel-domainname.service
[root@localhost ~]#

Parte 2: Stato dei servizi: start/stop/ena/disa

  1. Visualizzare lo stato di httpd 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
[root@localhost ~]#
  2. Far partire httpd, e visualizzare il suo stato 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:52:25 EST; 1s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 2248 (httpd)
   Status: "Processing requests..."
    Tasks: 6
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─2248 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2249 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2250 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2251 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2252 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─2253 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]#
  3. Abilitare httpd e visualizzare il suo stato 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable httpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:52:25 EST; 37s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 2248 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─2248 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2249 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2250 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2251 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2252 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─2253 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]#
  4. Riconfigurare lo stato di abilitazione di httpd al preset 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl preset httpd
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:52:25 EST; 1min 37s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 2248 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─2248 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2249 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2250 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2251 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2252 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─2253 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)

Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message
Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Nov 26 07:54:10 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 07:54:11 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]#

Parte 3: target units

  1. Visualizzare la default target unit 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl get-default 
multi-user.target
[root@localhost ~]#
  2. Visualizzare le dipendenze di multi-target dirette e inverse 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target
multi-user.target
● ├─abrt-ccpp.service
● ├─abrt-oops.service
● ├─abrt-vmcore.service
...
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target --reverse
multi-user.target
● └─graphical.target
[root@localhost ~]#
  3. Visualizzare la lista di link delle unit wanted da multi-user.target 
    [root@localhost ~]# ls -l -1 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 41 Nov 13 08:00 abrt-ccpp.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/abrt-ccpp.service
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Nov 13 08:00 abrtd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/abrtd.service
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 41 Nov 13 08:00 abrt-oops.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/abrt-oops.service
...
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l -1 /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Nov 13 05:55 dbus.service -> ../dbus.service
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Nov 13 07:54 getty.target -> ../getty.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 Nov 13 05:55 plymouth-quit.service -> ../plymouth-quit.service
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 29 Nov 13 05:55 plymouth-quit-wait.service -> ../plymouth-quit-wait.service
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 33 Nov 13 07:54 systemd-ask-password-wall.path -> ../systemd-ask-password-wall.path
  4. Andare in graphical target 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl isolate graphical.target
[root@localhost ~]#
  5. Creare una snapshot con httpd e mysqld attivi 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service 
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl snapshot snap1
snap1.snapshot
[root@localhost ~]#
  6. Spostarsi tra multi-user target e snapshot e verificare che i servizi si attivano e disattivano 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl isolate multi-user
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2018-11-26 14:00:02 CET; 5s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
  Process: 3446 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 2903 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 2903 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"

Nov 26 13:58:14 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 13:58:14 localhost.localdomain httpd[2903]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message
Nov 26 13:58:14 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Nov 26 14:00:01 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 14:00:02 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mariadb
● mariadb.service - MariaDB database server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2018-11-26 14:00:05 CET; 9s ago
  Process: 3199 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mariadb-wait-ready $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 3198 ExecStart=/usr/bin/mysqld_safe --basedir=/usr (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 3119 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mariadb-prepare-db-dir %n (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 3198 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: The latest information about MariaDB is available at http://mariadb.org/.
Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: You can find additional information about the MySQL part at:
Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: http://dev.mysql.com
Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: Consider joining MariaDB's strong and vibrant community:
Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: https://mariadb.org/get-involved/
Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mysqld_safe[3198]: 181126 13:58:54 mysqld_safe Logging to '/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log'.
Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mysqld_safe[3198]: 181126 13:58:54 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql
Nov 26 13:58:56 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MariaDB database server.
Nov 26 14:00:01 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping MariaDB database server...
Nov 26 14:00:05 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped MariaDB database server.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl isolate snap1.snapshot
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 14:03:21 CET; 8s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
  Process: 3446 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 3583 (httpd)
   Status: "Processing requests..."
    Tasks: 6
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─3583 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3644 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3645 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3646 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3647 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─3648 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Nov 26 14:03:21 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Nov 26 14:03:21 localhost.localdomain httpd[3583]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message
Nov 26 14:03:21 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]#
  7. Andare in default target e rimuovere la snapshot 
    [root@localhost ~]# systemctl default
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl delete snap1.snapshot
[root@localhost ~]#

Parte 4: unit files

In /root/ses c'e' una applicazione che implementa un servizio (Simple Echo Service) che si mette in ascolto sulla porta TCP 0.0.0.0:5555.
Provate ad eseguirlo interattivamente:
su una finestra eseguite: # /root/ses/ses
su una seconda finestra eseguite # telnet 127.0.0.1 5555

L'esercitazione consiste nei seguenti punti:

  1. Creare uno unit file per far eseguire ses tramite systemd (includere configuraizone per fare restart in 30 secondi) 
    [root@localhost ses]# cat ses.service 
[Unit]
Description=SES Simple Echo Service

# needed?
#Wants=ses.socket
#After=ses.socket

[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/root/ses/ses
Restart=always
RestartSec=30s

#[Install]
#WantedBy=multi-user.target

[root@localhost ses]# cp ses.service /etc/systemd/system/
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses
● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)

Nov 26 14:14:32 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/ses.service:1] Assignment outside of section. Ignoring.
Nov 26 14:14:32 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/ses.service:18] Missing '='.
Nov 26 14:16:23 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/ses.service:1] Assignment outside of section. Ignoring.
[root@localhost ses]# netstat -nap | grep 5555
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl start ses
[root@localhost ses]# netstat -nap | grep 5555
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5555            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      4603/ses            
[root@localhost ses]# 
    [root@localhost ~]# telnet 127.0.0.1 5555
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to 127.0.0.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
Welcome to the Simple Echo Service. Type "quit" to close connection, "bigquit" to quit the service.
ciao
ciao
bigquit
Connection closed by foreign host. 
    

    

    2. 

  2.  Creare unit files per far eseguire ses da systemd tramite socket-based activation 
    [root@localhost ~]# cat ses.socket
[Unit]
Description=Simple Echo Server Activation Socket

[Socket]
ListenStream=0.0.0.0:5555

[Install]
WantedBy=sockets.target

[root@localhost ~]# cat ses.service
[Unit]
Description=SES Simple Echo Service

# needed?
Wants=ses.socket
After=ses.socket

[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/root/ses/ses

#[Install]
#WantedBy=multi-user.target
[root@localhost ~]# cp -f ses.socket ses.service /etc/systemd/system/
cp: overwrite ‘/etc/systemd/system/ses.service’? y
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ses.socket 
● ses.socket - Simple Echo Server Activation Socket
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
   Listen: 0.0.0.0:5555 (Stream)
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable ses.socket
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/ses.socket to /etc/systemd/system/ses.socket.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start ses.socket
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ses.socket 
● ses.socket - Simple Echo Server Activation Socket
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.socket; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (listening) since Mon 2018-11-26 16:50:55 CET; 4s ago
   Listen: 0.0.0.0:5555 (Stream)

Nov 26 16:50:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Listening on Simple Echo Server Activation Socket.
Nov 26 16:50:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Simple Echo Server Activation Socket.
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -napt | grep 5555
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5555            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1/systemd
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    [root@localhost ~]# telnet 127.0.0.1 5555
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to 127.0.0.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
Welcome to the Simple Echo Service. Type "quit" to close connection, "bigquit" to quit the service.
    

    [root@localhost ~]# netstat -napt | grep 5555
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5555            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1/systemd           
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:5555          127.0.0.1:41130         ESTABLISHED 15197/ses           
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:41130         127.0.0.1:5555          ESTABLISHED 15196/telnet        
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ses
● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 16:53:56 CET; 2min 34s ago
 Main PID: 15197 (ses)
    Tasks: 1
   CGroup: /system.slice/ses.service
           └─15197 /root/ses/ses

Nov 26 16:53:56 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started SES Simple Echo Service.
Nov 26 16:53:56 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting SES Simple Echo Service...
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    

    3. 

  3.  Creare uno unit file per far eseguire ses da systemd tramite path-based activation 
    [root@localhost ses]# cat ses.service
[Unit]
Description=SES Simple Echo Service

[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/root/ses/ses

[root@localhost ses]# cat ses.path
[Unit]
Description=Simple Echo Server Activation Path

[Path]
PathExists=/root/ses/activate

[root@localhost ses]# cp ses.service ses.path /etc/systemd/system/
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.path
● ses.path - Simple Echo Server Activation Path
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.path; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl start ses.path
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.path
● ses.path - Simple Echo Server Activation Path
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.path; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (waiting) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:07:41 CET; 2s ago

Nov 26 17:07:41 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Simple Echo Server Activation Path.
Nov 26 17:07:41 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Simple Echo Server Activation Path.
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.service
● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2018-11-26 16:57:06 CET; 11min ago
...
[root@localhost ses]# netstat -napt | grep 5555
[root@localhost ses]# touch /root/ses/activate
[root@localhost ses]# netstat -napt | grep 5555
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5555            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      15562/ses           
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.service
● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:09:40 CET; 6s ago
 Main PID: 15562 (ses)
    Tasks: 1
   CGroup: /system.slice/ses.service
           └─15562 /root/ses/ses

Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started SES Simple Echo Service.
Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting SES Simple Echo Service...
[root@localhost ses]# rm /root/ses/activate 
rm: remove regular empty file ‘/root/ses/activate’? y
[root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses
● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:09:40 CET; 1min 20s ago
 Main PID: 15562 (ses)
    Tasks: 1
   CGroup: /system.slice/ses.service
           └─15562 /root/ses/ses

Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started SES Simple Echo Service.
Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting SES Simple Echo Service...
    

    

    4. 







Parte 5: journald




    

  1.  Visualizzare i log di journald, tutti o quelli di una particolare unit 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. --
Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[87]: Runtime journal is using 8.0M (max allowed 91.9M, trying to leave 137.9M free of 911.3M available → current 
Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
...
Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server started
Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server has been started out of systemd.
Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server is quitting
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u <tab><tab>
abrtd.service                      netcf-transaction.service          session-15.scope                   session-4.scope
accounts-daemon.service            NetworkManager-dispatcher.service  session-16.scope                   session-5.scope
alsa-state.service                 NetworkManager.service             session-17.scope                   session-6.scope
auditd.service                     network.service                    session-18.scope                   session-7.scope
avahi-daemon.service               packagekit.service                 session-19.scope                   session-8.scope
chronyd.service                    polkit.service                     session-1.scope                    session-9.scope
crond.service                      postfix.service                    session-20.scope                   session-c1.scope
dbus.service                       realmd.service                     session-21.scope                   session-c2.scope
fprintd.service                    rngd.service                       session-22.scope                   smartd.service
gdm.service                        rpc-statd-notify.service           session-23.scope                   sshd.service
httpd.service                      rsyslog.service                    session-24.scope                   systemd-fsck-root.service
irqbalance.service                 rtkit-daemon.service               session-25.scope                   systemd-journald.service
kdump.service                      ses.service                        session-26.scope                   systemd-logind.service
libvirtd.service                   session-10.scope                   session-27.scope                   systemd-timedated.service
lvm2-monitor.service               session-11.scope                   session-28.scope                   systemd-udevd.service
lvm2-pvscan@8:2.service            session-12.scope                   session-29.scope                   udisks2.service
mariadb.service                    session-13.scope                   session-2.scope                    
ModemManager.service               session-14.scope                   session-3.scope                    
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u chronyd
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. --
Nov 26 13:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting NTP client/server...
Nov 26 13:22:56 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: chronyd version 3.2 starting (+CMDMON +NTP +REFCLOCK +RTC +PRIVDROP +SCFILTER +SECHASH +SIGND +ASYNCDNS +IPV6 +DEBU
Nov 26 13:22:57 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: Frequency 24.009 +/- 2.704 ppm read from /var/lib/chrony/drift
Nov 26 13:22:57 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started NTP client/server.
Nov 26 13:23:16 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: Selected source 193.204.114.233
...
Nov 26 16:46:11 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: Selected source 31.14.131.188
Nov 26 16:46:11 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: System clock wrong by 9959.861550 seconds, adjustment started
    

    

    2. 

  2.  Visualizzare solo i messaggi con priority compresa tra notice ed err 
    [root@localhost ~]# man journalctl | grep notice
           "alert" (1), "crit" (2), "err" (3), "warning" (4), "notice" (5), "info" (6), "debug" (7). If a single log level is specified, all messages with this
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -p 3..5
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. --
Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Linux version 3.10.0-862.14.4.el7.x86_64 (mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-
Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: ACPI: RSDP 00000000000e0000 00024 (v02 VBOX  )
Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: ACPI: XSDT 000000007fff0030 0003C (v01 VBOX   VBOXXSDT 00000001 ASL  00000061)
...
Nov 26 17:10:34 localhost.localdomain dbus[762]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.freedesktop.nm_dispatcher' unit='dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher
Nov 26 17:10:34 localhost.localdomain dbus[762]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.nm_dispatcher'
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    

    3. 

  3.  Visualizzare con filtro sul transport stdout; utilizzare la completion 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl <tab><tab>
_AUDIT_LOGINUID=             COREDUMP_EXE=                _MACHINE_ID=                 _SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=  _TRANSPORT=
_AUDIT_SESSION=              __CURSOR=                    MESSAGE=                     SYSLOG_FACILITY=             _UDEV_DEVLINK=
_BOOT_ID=                    ERRNO=                       MESSAGE_ID=                  SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=           _UDEV_DEVNODE=
_CMDLINE=                    _EXE=                        __MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP=       SYSLOG_PID=                  _UDEV_SYSNAME=
CODE_FILE=                   _GID=                        _PID=                        _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=             _UID=
CODE_FUNC=                   _HOSTNAME=                   PRIORITY=                    _SYSTEMD_OWNER_UID=          
CODE_LINE=                   _KERNEL_DEVICE=              __REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=        _SYSTEMD_SESSION=            
_COMM=                       _KERNEL_SUBSYSTEM=           _SELINUX_CONTEXT=            _SYSTEMD_UNIT=               
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl _TRANSPORT= <tab><tab>
driver   journal  kernel   stdout   syslog   
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl _TRANSPORT=stdout
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. --
Nov 26 13:22:32 localhost.localdomain systemd-fsck[361]: /sbin/fsck.xfs: XFS file system.
Nov 26 13:22:46 localhost.localdomain lvm[644]: WARNING: lvmetad is being updated, retrying (setup) for 10 more seconds.
Nov 26 13:22:47 localhost.localdomain lvm[467]: 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "centos" monitored
Nov 26 13:22:48 localhost.localdomain lvm[644]: 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "centos" now active
...
Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server started
Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server has been started out of systemd.
Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server is quitting

    

    

    4. 

  4.  Visualizzare con filtro su SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=sshd 
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:20:01 CET. --
Nov 26 13:23:14 localhost.localdomain sshd[1262]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Nov 26 13:23:14 localhost.localdomain sshd[1262]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Nov 26 13:43:34 localhost.localdomain sshd[2060]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.56.1 port 49217 ssh2
Nov 26 13:43:34 localhost.localdomain sshd[2060]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Nov 26 14:11:41 localhost.localdomain sshd[4282]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.56.1 port 49309 ssh2
Nov 26 14:11:41 localhost.localdomain sshd[4282]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    

    5. 

  5.  Abilitare la persistenza (verificare la collocazione dei journal files) 
    [root@localhost ~]# ls -R /run/log/journal/
/run/log/journal/:
81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878

/run/log/journal/81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878:
system.journal
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R /var/log/journal
ls: cannot access /var/log/journal: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /var/log/journal
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-journald
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R /run/log/journal/
ls: cannot access /run/log/journal/: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R /var/log/journal
/var/log/journal:
81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878

/var/log/journal/81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878:
system.journal
[root@localhost ~]# 

    

    

    6. 

  6.  Visualizzazione della lista di boot. Verifica della persistenza al reboot. 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl --list-boots 
-1 2f4fbe37d34d42bb94a9042eba2d3f89 Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET—Mon 2018-11-26 17:25:04 CET
 0 233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2 Mon 2018-11-26 17:12:57 CET—Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -b -1 -u postfix
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET. --
Nov 26 13:23:12 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system
Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix
Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -b 0 -u postfix
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET. --
Nov 26 17:13:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
Nov 26 23:01:26 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system
Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix
Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    

    7. 

  7.  Visualizzazione dei kernel log del boot precedente 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -k -b -1
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET. --
Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
...
Nov 26 17:23:25 localhost.localdomain systemd-journald[459]: Received SIGTERM from PID 1 (systemd).
Nov 26 17:25:03 localhost.localdomain kernel: Ebtables v2.0 unregistered
Nov 26 17:25:03 localhost.localdomain kernel: type=1305 audit(1543249503.313:853): audit_pid=0 old=731 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1
...
Nov 26 17:25:03 localhost.localdomain systemd-shutdown[1]: Syncing filesystems and block devices.
Nov 26 17:25:04 localhost.localdomain systemd-shutdown[1]: Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes...
[root@localhost ~]# 

    

    

    8. 

  8.  Visualizzazione della unit postfix in configurazione di persistenza (verificare la visualizzazione dei boot) 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:06:50 CET. --
Nov 26 13:23:12 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system
Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix
Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
-- Reboot --
Nov 26 17:13:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
Nov 26 23:01:26 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system
Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix
Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
    

    

    9. 

  9.  Visualizzazione in follow mode
    
Per generare un messaggio di log utilizzare logger 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 -f
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET. --
Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain systemd-logind[755]: New session 3 of user root.
Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Session 3 of user root.
Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain sshd[2028]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain dbus[757]: [system] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.problems' (using servicehelper)
Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain dbus[757]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.problems'

    

    [root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.err "logger message prio err"
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    Nov 26 23:09:13 localhost.localdomain root[2112]: logger message prio err
^C
[root@localhost ~]# 

    

    

    10. 

  10.  Visualizzare un evento in modalita' verbose, json-pretty 
    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix -o verbose -n 1
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:10:01 CET. --
Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:27.226838 CET [s=0ffb05c238394c6bb39660bc2c0b08fb;i=f90;b=233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2;m=2f3c47b;t=57b98797ff589;x=4ed15931e599c3cf]
    PRIORITY=6
    _UID=0
    _GID=0
    _MACHINE_ID=81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878
    _HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
    SYSLOG_FACILITY=3
    SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=systemd
    CODE_FILE=src/core/job.c
    CODE_LINE=776
    CODE_FUNCTION=job_log_status_message
    MESSAGE_ID=39f53479d3a045ac8e11786248231fbf
    RESULT=done
    _TRANSPORT=journal
    _PID=1
    _COMM=systemd
    _EXE=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd
    _CAP_EFFECTIVE=1fffffffff
    _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/
    _CMDLINE=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
    UNIT=postfix.service
    MESSAGE=Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
    _BOOT_ID=233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2
    _SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1543269687226838
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix -o json-pretty -n 1
{
        "__CURSOR" : "s=0ffb05c238394c6bb39660bc2c0b08fb;i=f90;b=233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2;m=2f3c47b;t=57b98797ff589;x=4ed15931e599c3cf",
        "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP" : "1543269687227785",
        "__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP" : "49529979",
        "_BOOT_ID" : "233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2",
        "PRIORITY" : "6",
        "_UID" : "0",
        "_GID" : "0",
        "_MACHINE_ID" : "81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878",
        "_HOSTNAME" : "localhost.localdomain",
        "SYSLOG_FACILITY" : "3",
        "SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER" : "systemd",
        "CODE_FILE" : "src/core/job.c",
        "CODE_LINE" : "776",
        "CODE_FUNCTION" : "job_log_status_message",
        "MESSAGE_ID" : "39f53479d3a045ac8e11786248231fbf",
        "RESULT" : "done",
        "_TRANSPORT" : "journal",
        "_PID" : "1",
        "_COMM" : "systemd",
        "_EXE" : "/usr/lib/systemd/systemd",
        "_CAP_EFFECTIVE" : "1fffffffff",
        "_SYSTEMD_CGROUP" : "/",
        "_CMDLINE" : "/usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22",
        "UNIT" : "postfix.service",
        "MESSAGE" : "Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.",
        "_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP" : "1543269687226838"
}
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix -o short-monotonic 
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:11:11 CET. --
[   42.829163] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
[   47.332654] localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system
[   47.727793] localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix
[   47.731300] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
[14548.219364] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
[14548.477386] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
-- Reboot --
[   43.798957] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent...
[   49.245069] localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system
[   49.527571] localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix
[   49.529979] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
[root@localhost ~]# 

    

    

    11. 

  11.  Modifica della configurazione
    
Disabilitare lo storage per i log, e verificare che rsyslogd non logga piu' 
    [root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.info "logger message prio info"
[root@localhost ~]# tail -n 2 /var/log/messages
Nov 26 23:13:11 localhost nm-dispatcher: req:1 'dhcp4-change' [enp0s8]: start running ordered scripts...
Nov 26 23:14:20 localhost root: logger message prio info
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    [root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/systemd/journald.conf 
[root@localhost ~]# grep ^Storage /etc/systemd/journald.conf 
Storage=none
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-journald
    

    [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 --no-pager
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:15:53 CET. --
Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/usr/lib/systemd/system/firstboot-graphical.service:14] Support for option SysVStartPriority= has been removed and it is ignored
Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain polkitd[782]: Registered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2280:91607 (system bus name :1.37 [/usr/bin/pkttyagent --notify-fd 5 --fallback], object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8)
Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Flush Journal to Persistent Storage...
Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[458]: Journal stopped
[root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.err "logger message prio err again"
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 --no-pager
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:15:53 CET. --
Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/usr/lib/systemd/system/firstboot-graphical.service:14] Support for option SysVStartPriority= has been removed and it is ignored
Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain polkitd[782]: Registered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2280:91607 (system bus name :1.37 [/usr/bin/pkttyagent --notify-fd 5 --fallback], object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8)
Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Flush Journal to Persistent Storage...
Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[458]: Journal stopped
[root@localhost ~]# grep "prio err again" /var/log/messages
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    [root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/systemd/journald.conf 
[root@localhost ~]# grep ^Storage /etc/systemd/journald.conf 
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-journald
[root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.err "logger message prio err again again"
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 --no-pager
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:19:09 CET. --
Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[2341]: Journal started
Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain polkitd[782]: Unregistered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2334:110793 (system bus name :1.38, object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8) (disconnected from bus)
Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Flush Journal to Persistent Storage...
Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Flush Journal to Persistent Storage.
Nov 26 23:19:09 localhost.localdomain root[2352]: logger message prio err again again
[root@localhost ~]# grep "prio err again" /var/log/messages
Nov 26 23:19:09 localhost root: logger message prio err again again
[root@localhost ~]# 

    

    

    12. 







Parte 6: systemd utilities




    

  1.  Visualizzare e modificare i diversi valori di host name tramite hostnamectl 
    [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --static
localhost.localdomain
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hostname 
localhost.localdomain
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --transient
localhost.localdomain
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --pretty

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/machine.info
cat: /etc/machine.info: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --static set-hostname statichostname
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --transient set-hostname transienthostname
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --pretty set-hostname prettyhostname
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --static
statichostname
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hostname 
statichostname
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --transient
transienthostname
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --pretty
prettyhostname
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/machine-info 
PRETTY_HOSTNAME=prettyhostname
[root@localhost ~]# 

    

    

    2. 

  2.  Modificare la timezone del sistema (verificare che i journal log cambiano la data) 
    [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl 
      Local time: Mon 2018-11-26 23:26:23 CET
  Universal time: Mon 2018-11-26 22:26:23 UTC
        RTC time: Mon 2018-11-26 16:38:43
       Time zone: Europe/Rome (CET, +0100)
     NTP enabled: yes
NTP synchronized: yes
 RTC in local TZ: no
      DST active: no
 Last DST change: DST ended at
                  Sun 2018-10-28 02:59:59 CEST
                  Sun 2018-10-28 02:00:00 CET
 Next DST change: DST begins (the clock jumps one hour forward) at
                  Sun 2019-03-31 01:59:59 CET
                  Sun 2019-03-31 03:00:00 CEST
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl list-timezones | grep -i new
America/New_York
America/North_Dakota/New_Salem
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York
[root@localhost ~]# date
Mon Nov 26 17:27:05 EST 2018
[root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 4
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 07:22:30 EST, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:26:59 EST. --
Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname dbus[757]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.timedate1'
Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname systemd[1]: Started Time & Date Service.
Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname systemd-timedated[2564]: Changed time zone to 'America/New_York'.
Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname polkitd[782]: Unregistered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2559:158162 (system bus name :1.64, object path /org/freedesktop/Policy
[root@localhost ~]# 
    

    

    3. 

  3.  Modificare l'ora del sistema (si deve disabilitare NTP: verificare che chronyd viene fermato) 
    [root@localhost ~]# date
Mon Nov 26 17:28:29 EST 2018
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-time "17:35"
Failed to set time: Automatic time synchronization is enabled
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status chronyd 
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 11:13:25 EST; 6h ago
...
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-ntp false
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status chronyd 
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
...
Nov 26 17:06:50 localhost.localdomain chronyd[814]: Source 85.10.240.253 replaced with 185.19.184.35
Nov 26 17:29:29 statichostname systemd[1]: Stopping NTP client/server...
Nov 26 17:29:29 statichostname systemd[1]: Stopped NTP client/server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-time "17:00"
[root@localhost ~]# date
Mon Nov 26 17:00:02 EST 2018
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-ntp true
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status chronyd 
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:00:09 EST; 4s ago
...
[root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Rome 
[root@localhost ~]# date
Mon Nov 26 23:00:32 CET 2018
[root@localhost ~]# 

    

    

    4. 





                    
                                    


                
cn/ccr/formazione/centos7/2018-11/systemd-ctl-soluzioni.txt · Last modified: 2018/11/26 22:31 by brunengo@infn.it


                
                

            


            
            
        


        



    
    

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