^ Capitolo  ^  Referenza  ^  PM Search ^  Anno ^                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Autore ^                                                          Argomento ^  Tipo                      ^ Particle/Missions Type                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ^  Note                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ^ Dose range/threshold or LET                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ^ Experimental Validation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^
| cap 3     |  7          |  No        |  2011 |  {{ :strutture:roma1:experiments:ams2:maalouf2011.pdf |"J. Radiat. Res., 52, 126–146 (2011) Biological Effects of Space Radiation on Human Cells:History, Advances and Outcomes Mira MAALOUF1,2, Marco DURANTE3 and Nicolas FORAY1*"}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Chromosome cytogenetic data, eye flashes and cataracts occurrence  |  Space                     |  Comparison with medical exposure. A dose of about 400 μGy per space mission day is 5000 times lower than a radiotherapy fraction (2 Gy), 10–20 times lower than a mammography session (2 × 2 mGy) or than an abdominal CT scan (8 mGy). We have seen above that the average dose rate during missions is about 0.28 μGy.min–1. Such dose rate is about 108 times lower than medical exposure but in the same order than natural radioactivity.           ============ RIPORTA UN SACCO DI DATI DOSI ED EFFETTI  | Chromosome breaks yields were however found two-fold higher in Apollo than in Gemini astronauts, suggesting for the first time a link between dose and the duration of the flight41) (Table 4). Interestingly, despite some inter-individual variations, the yields of chromosome breaks in lymphocytes from astronauts who had no previous flight experience appeared generally lower than those from experienced astronauts. Lastly, post-flight aberrations were considered to be about two-fold higher than pre-flight values41) (Fig. 1). The first description of eye flashes. Another aspect of biological consequences of space radiation exposure on human cells was the subjective sensations of lights on eyes, commonly called eye flashes. Eye flashes were first observed by Apollo crews (Fig. 1). Such phenomena were initially thought to be due to μ mesons from statistical arguments. However, the actual origin of the eye flashes remained still unresolved at the end of the 1960’s.12) Primary or secondary neutrons and possibly heavy ions, rather than mesons were thereafter suspected to cause eye flashes. Observations on helmets of Apollo astronauts revealing numerous tracks of metallic ions as heavy as zinc and nickel (up to 1011track.cm–2) were questionable since these heavy ions are very rare in space. Such observations suggested therefore that the technical environment of spacecraft itself adds extra-complexity in the actual spectrum of secondary particles.32)The existence of nuclear interaction between high-energy protons and electrons with the abundant metallic stuff surrounding crews may be evoked."                                                                                           |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      LET> 5 – 10 keV/µm |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Yes? |
| cap 3     | 8           |            | 1977  | Life Sci Space Res. 1977;15:141-6. Apollo-Soyuz light-flash observations\\ T F Budinger 1, C A Tobias, R H Huesman, F T Upham, T F Wieskamp, R A Hoffman                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Eye Flashes                                                        | Space                      | Apollo-Soyuz Test project                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | 90 minutes at 225 Km altitude compared with Skylab-IV missions at 443 Km Altitude                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | LET> 5 – 10 keV/µm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | ?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| cap 3     | 9           |            | 2002  | Acta Astronaut . 2002 Apr;50(8):511-25. doi: 10.1016/s0094-5765(01)00190-4. {{ :strutture:roma1:experiments:ams2:avdeev2002.pdf |Eye light flashes on the Mir space station}}\\ S Avdeev 1, V Bidoli, M Casolino, E De Grandis, G Furano, A Morselli, L Narici, M P De Pascale, P Picozza, E Reali, R Sparvoli, M Boezio, P Carlson, W Bonvicini, A Vacchi, N Zampa, G Castellini, C Fuglesang, A Galper, A Khodarovich, Yu Ozerov, A Popov, N Vavilov, G Mazzenga, M Ricci, W G Sannita, P Spillantini                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | Eye Flashes                                                        | Space                      | MIR Station - Measurements done using the "SilEye" detector                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | LET> 5 – 10 keV/µm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | ?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| cap 3     | 10          |            | 2004  | Adv Space Res\\ . 2004;33(8):1352-7. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.052.\\ The ALTEA/ALTEINO projects: studying functional effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation\\ L Narici 1, F Belli, V Bidoli, M Casolino, M P De Pascale, L Di Fino, G Furano, I Modena, A Morselli, P Picozza, E Reali, A Rinaldi, D Ruggieri, R Sparvoli, V Zaconte, W G Sannita, S Carozzo, S Licoccia, P Romagnoli, E Traversa, V Cotronei, M Vazquez, J Miller, V P Salnitskii, O I Shevchenko, V P Petrov, K A Trukhanov, A Galper, A Khodarovich, M G Korotkov, A Popov, N Vavilov, S Avdeev, M Boezio, W Bonvicini, A Vacchi, N Zampa, G Mazzenga, M Ricci, P Spillantini, G Castellini, R Vittori, P Carlson, C Fuglesang, D Schardt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | Eye Flashes  microgravity and cosmic radiation                     | Space                      | ISS-Station - Measurements done using the ALTEINO detector                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | NON in tabella ma eventualmente dopo nel testo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | solo strumento per misura dose e spettro a brain e visual structures  in microgravity conditions.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 11          |            | 2002  | J Radiat Res\\ . 2002 Dec;43 Suppl:S129-32. doi: 10.1269/jrr.43.s129.\\ Analysis of complex-type chromosome exchanges in astronauts' lymphocytes after space flight as a biomarker of high-LET exposure\\ Kerry George 1, Honglu Wu, Veronica Willingham, Francis A Cucinotta                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Chromosome                                                         | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | 5 - 150 mGy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | Yes            Pooled data for metaphase and PCC analysis for all four ISS crewmembers revealed 6 complex exchanges preflight in a total of 24,136 cells analyzed, and 12 complex exchanges\\ were detected in 26,065 cells collected after flight.                    =             Chromosome aberrations in crewmembers’ lymphocytes before and after long duration\\ Mir flights, measured in metaphase cells. The total number of complex exchanges detected was very low; a total of 8 complex exchanges were detected preflight in\\ the 20,910 cells analyzed from all crewmembers combined. After flight, 20 complex exchanges were detected in a total of 30,078 cells from all astronauts.   ================== It was suggested\\ that the yield of complex chromosome damage could be underestimated when analyzing metaphase cells collected at one time point after irradiation, and chemically-induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) may be a more\\ accurate system since problems with complicated cell-cycle delays are avoided 5).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| cap 3     | 12          |            | 2000  | Radiat Meas\\ . 2000 Jun;32(3):181-91. doi: 10.1016/s1350-4487(99)00273-5.\\ Analysis of MIR-18 results for physical and biological dosimetry: radiation shielding effectiveness in LEO\\ F A Cucinotta 1, J W Wilson, J R Williams, J F Dicello                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | Chromosome                                                         | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 13          |            | 1997  | Radiat Res\\ . 1997 Nov;148(5 Suppl):S17-23.\\ Biodosimetry results from space flight Mir-18\\ T C Yang 1, K George, A S Johnson, M Durante, B S Fedorenko                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | Chromosome                                                         | Space                      | MIR-18 115-day mission                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | Cell colture, FISH, GIEMSA frequency evaluation method, 5.2 cGy with RBE=2.8 -> 14.75 cSv                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | LEO                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 14          |            | 2001  | Chromosome Aberrations in the Blood Lymphocytes of Astronauts after Space\\ Flight\\ Author(s): K. George, M. Durante, H. Wu, V. Willingham, G. Badhwar, and F. A. Cucinotta\\ Source: Radiation Research, 156(6):731-738.\\ Published By: Radiation Research Society                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | Chromosome                                                         | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Chromosome Analysis\\ The yields of chromosome exchanges in the peripheral\\ lymphocytes of astronauts increased after long-duration\\ missions (Table 1, crew members 1–6). However, no significant\\ increase was observed for two crew members after\\ a 10-day shuttle mission (Table 1, crew members 7 and 8).\\ These results are in agreement with data reported by Obe\\ et al. (3) and Testard et al. (2). The frequencies of exchanges\\ were similar for crew member 4 in samples collected 9\\ days and 114 days after a long-duration mission, and for\\ crew member 3 when values measured on the day of return\\ were compared to values measured 240 days after flight,\\ indicating that the clearance of aberrations from the blood\\ lymphocytes is insignificant over these periods.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | The frequency of complex exchanges after flight was higher in\\ prematurely condensed chromosomes than in metaphase cells\\ for one crew member.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| cap 3     | 15          |            | 1984  | Adaptive Response of Human Lymphocytes to Low Concentrations of RadioactiveThymidine\\ Author(s): Gregorio Olivieri, Judy Bodycote and Sheldon Wolff\\ Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 223, No. 4636 (Feb. 10, 1984), pp. 594-597                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Chromosome                                                         | ground simulation          | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | NO SPAZIO TOGLIERE  O CITARE SOLO COME METODO MA NON IN TABELLA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 16          |            | 2010  | Health Phys\\ . 2010 Feb;98(2):276-81. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181aba9c7.\\ Quickscan dicentric chromosome analysis for radiation biodosimetry\\ F N Flegal 1, Y Devantier, J P McNamee, R C Wilkins                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Chromosome                                                         | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | NO SPAZIO TOGLIERE  O CITARE SOLO COME METODO MA NON IN TABELLA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 17          |            | 2011  | IAEA - Cytogenetic Dosimetry: \\ Applications in Preparedness for and Response to Radiation Emergencies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | Chromosome                                                         | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | NO SPAZIO TOGLIERE  O CITARE SOLO COME METODO MA NON IN TABELLA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 18          |            | 2017  | Int J Radiat Biol\\ . 2017 Jan;93(1):20-29. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1233370. Epub 2016 Oct 21.\\ RENEB intercomparisons applying the conventional Dicentric Chromosome Assay (DCA)\\ Ursula Oestreicher 1, Daniel Samaga 1, Elizabeth Ainsbury 2, Ana Catarina Antunes 3, Ans Baeyens 4, Leonardo Barrios 5, Christina Beinke 6, Philip Beukes 4, William F Blakely 7, Alexandra Cucu 8, Andrea De Amicis 9, Julie Depuydt 10, Stefania De Sanctis 9, Marina Di Giorgio 11, Katalin Dobos 12, Inmaculada Dominguez 13, Pham Ngoc Duy 14, Marco E Espinoza 15, Farrah N Flegal 16, Markus Figel 17, Omar Garcia 18, Octávia Monteiro Gil 3, Eric Gregoire 19, C Guerrero-Carbajal 20, İnci Güçlü 21, Valeria Hadjidekova 22, Prakash Hande 23, Ulrike Kulka 1, Jennifer Lemon 24, Carita Lindholm 25, Florigio Lista 9, Katalin Lumniczky 12, Wilner Martinez-Lopez 26, Nataliya Maznyk 27, Roberta Meschini 28, Radia M'kacher 29, Alegria Montoro 30, Jayne Moquet 2, Mercedes Moreno 31, Mihaela Noditi 8, Jelena Pajic 32, Analía Radl 11, Michelle Ricoul 29, Horst Romm 1, Laurence Roy 19, Laure Sabatier 29, Natividad Sebastià 30, Jacobus Slabbert 4, Sylwester Sommer 33, Monica Stuck Oliveira 34, Uma Subramanian 7, Yumiko Suto 35, Tran Que 14, Antonella Testa 36, Georgia Terzoudi 37, Anne Vral 10, Ruth Wilkins 38, LusiYanti Yanti 39, Demetre Zafiropoulos 40, Andrzej Wojcik 41  | Chromosome                                                         | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 19          |            | 2020  | Quintens Quintens R., Baatout S., Moreels M. (2020) Assessment of Radiosensitivity and Biomonitoring of Exposure to Space Radiation. In: Choukèr A. (eds) Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_28                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | radiosensitivity & biomarkers.                                     | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 20          |            | 2021  | Identification of novel biomarkers of heavy ion exposure: Proteins, miRNAs and tRNA-derived fragments in serum; HaoBai, Tongshan Zhang, JufangWang, Junrui Hua, Wenjun Wei\\ a\\ Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China\\ b\\ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | biomarker                                                          | ground simulation          | Mice were total-body exposed to different doses of carbon ions with linear energy transfer (LET) of 30 keV/μm. Mouse Antibody Array and RNA sequencing were performed to detect expression profiles of serum proteins and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) at 24 h post-irradiation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Carbon Ions LET 30 KeV, Threshold 0.1-0.5 Gy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 21          |            | 2000  | Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\\ . 2000 Nov;41(12):3898-907.\\ Growth and differentiation of human lens epithelial cells in vitro on matrix\\ E A Blakely 1, K A Bjornstad, P Y Chang, M P McNamara, E Chang, G Aragon, S P Lin, G Lui, J R Polansky                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | Cataract                                                           | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | in vitro ==NO DATA o models                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 22          |            | 1989  | Accelerated Heavy Particles and the Lens: III. Cataract Enhancement by Dose Fractionation\\ B. V. Worgul, G. R. Merriam, Jr., C. Medvedovsky and D. J. Brenner                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | Cataract                                                           | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 23          |            | 2001  | Radiat Res\\ . 2001 Nov;156(5 Pt 1):460-6. doi: 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0460:sracia]2.0.co;2.\\ Space radiation and cataracts in astronauts\\ F A Cucinotta 1, F K Manuel, J Jones, G Iszard, J Murrey, B Djojonegro, M Wear                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | Cataract                                                           | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | 8 mSv                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Yes                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| cap 3     | 24          |            | 2007  | A review of ground-based heavy-ion radiobiology relevant to space radiation risk assessment. Part II: Cardiovascular and immunological effects\\ Eleanor A. Blakely a,*, Polly Y. Chang a,b                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | Cataract & CNS                                                     | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Typically, astronauts and cosmonauts on the International Space Station (ISS) receive from 0.5 to 1.2 mSv/d, with 75% coming from galactic cosmic ray (GCR) ions and 25% coming from protons encountered in passages through the South Atlantic Anomaly region of the Van  Allen belts. The radiation from GCR is continuous and at a very low-dose rate, and thus not only cancer, but also non-cancer effects should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of late effects (Schimmerling and Cucinotta,2006).   Space flight affects immune function (Sonnenfeld, 1998, 2001) in astronauts exposed to the conditions of long-term space flight and its rigors of isolation, containment, microgravity, radiation, microbial contamination, sleep disruption, and insufficient nutrition.  There is also a recent\\ report of changes in neutrophil functions in astronauts (Kaur et al., 2004            Kaur, I., Simons, E.R., Castro, V.A., et al. Changes in neutrophil\\ functions in astronauts. Brain Behav. Immun. 18 (5), 443–450, 2004.). The study indicates that neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative functions are affected by factors associated with space flight and this relationship may\\ depend on mission duration. Decreased non-MHCrestricted (CD56+) killer cell cytotoxicity has also been reported in astronauts after spaceflight (Mehta et al., 2001            Mehta, S.K., Kaur, I., Grimm, E.A., et al. Decreased non-Mhc-restricted\\ (Cd56+) killer cell cytotoxicity after spaceflight. J. Appl. Physiol. 91(4), 1814–1818, 2001.).                                          Recent studies in humans have investigated the effects of space flight on herpes virus\\ and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and have shown increases in urinary catecholamine excretion (Stowe, R.P., Mehta, S.K., Ferrando, A.A., et al. Immune responses and\\ latent herpesvirus reactivation in spaceflight. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 72 (10), 884–891, 2001.   ----------    Stowe, R.P., Pierson, D.L., Barrett, A.D. Elevated stress hormone levels\\ relate to Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in astronauts. Psychosom. Med. 63 (6), 891–895, 2001.  ). Persistent viruses have been associated with\\ non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma tumors (Vilchez et al., 2002) and raise concerns with regard to susceptibility of crew members to cancer.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 25          |            | 2009  | Radiation Cataractogenesis: A Review of Recent Studies\\ E. A. Ainsbury,a,1 S. D. Bouffler,a W. Do¨ rr,b J. Graw,c C. R. Muirhead,a A. A. Edwardsa and J. Coopera                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | Cataract                                                           | ground simulation          | Here we review the combined results of recent mechanistic and human studies regarding induction of cataracts by ionizing radiation. These studies indicate that the threshold for cataract development is certainly less than was previously estimated, of the order of 0.5 Gy, or that radiation cataractogenesis may in fact be more accurately described by a linear, no-threshold model.                                                                                                                     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Low LET particle ? , th > 0.5Gy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 26          |            | 2010  | Epidemiological Studies of Cataract Risk at Low to Moderate Radiation Doses: (Not) Seeing is Believing\\ Roy E. Shore, Kazuo Neriishi, Eiji Nakashima\\ Radiation Research, Vol. 174, No. 6, Part 2 (December 2010), pp. 889-894                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | Cataract                                                           | space / ground simulation  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 27          |            | 2009  | NASA Study of Cataract in Astronauts (NASCA). Report 1: Cross-Sectional Study\\ of the Relationship of Exposure to Space Radiation and Risk of Lens Opacity\\ Author(s): Leo T. Chylack Jr, Leif E. Peterson, Alan H. Feiveson, Mary L. Wear, F. Keith Manuel,\\ William H. Tung, Dale S. Hardy, Lisa J. Marak, and Francis A. Cucinotta\\ Source: Radiation Research, 172(1):10-20. 2009.\\ Published By: Radiation Research Society                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |  cataract Report 1                                                 | space                      | Participants include 171 consenting astronauts who flew at least one mission in space and a comparison group made up of three components: (a) 53 astronauts who had not flown in space, (b) 95 military aircrew personnel, and (c) 99 non-aircrew ground-based                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | 10 mSv                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 28          | SEC        | 2012  | Radiat Res\\ . 2012 Jul;178(1):25-32. doi: 10.1667/rr2876.1. Epub 2012 Jun 12.\\ NASCA report 2: Longitudinal study of relationship of exposure to space radiation and risk of lens opacity\\ Leo T Chylack Jr 1, Alan H Feiveson, Leif E Peterson, William H Tung, Mary L Wear, Lisa J Marak, Dale S Hardy, Lori J Chappell, Francis A Cucinotta                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |  cataract  Report 2                                                | space                      | comparison subjects. Continuous measures of nuclear, cortical and PSC lens opacities were derived from Nidek EAS 1000 digitized images.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | 10 mSv                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 29          | YES        | 2019  | Phys Med. 2019 Jan;57:88-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.01.002. Epub 2019 Jan 3.\\ \\ Optimized neuron models for estimation of charged particle energy deposition in \\ hippocampus.\\ \\ Batmunkh M(1), Aksenova SV(2), Bayarchimeg L(3), Bugay AN(4), Lkhagva O(5).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | CNS                                                                | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | 100-2000 mGy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | No only simulation.  [6] Machida M, Lonart G, Britten RA. Low (60 cGy) doses of 56Fe HZE-particle radiation\\ lead to a persistent reduction in the glutamatergic readily releasable pool in rat\\ hippocampal synaptosomes. Radiat Res 2010;174:618.         =============Known effects of charged particles traversing the cells of central nervous system (CNS) include degradation of dendrite tree morphology [2,4] and disturbance of electrochemical processes governing synaptic transmission [5,6]. This earliest radiation injury to individual neurons can result in long-term effects including various impairments of behavior, memory and other cognitive deficits [3,7]. Also, the biological efficiency of heavy ions present in galactic space radiation are several times higher than for protons [8].\\ The analysis of recent experimental studies at particle accelerators with energetic protons and heavy ions suggests that the hippocampus is one of the most sensitive regions of the CNS under irradiation [1,6]. The hippocampal neurons organized in various neural networks play an important role in learning, memory consolidation as well as in the processing of the information received simultaneously from diverse sources                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 30          |            | 2018  | Biophysics Model of Heavy-Ion Degradation of Neuron Morphology in Mouse Hippocampal Granular Cell Layer Neurons\\ \\ Murat Alp, University of Nevada, Las VegasFollow\\ Francis A. Cucinotta, University of Nevada, Las Vegas                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | CNS                                                                | Ground                     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 31          | SEC        | 2017  | Life Sci Space Res (Amst)\\ . 2017 May;13:27-38. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.03.004. Epub 2017 Apr 2.\\ Track structure model of microscopic energy deposition by protons and heavy ions in segments of neuronal cell dendrites represented by cylinders or spheres\\ Murat Alp 1, Francis A Cucinotta 2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | CNS                                                                | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 32          |            | 2016  | Differential Superiority of Heavy Charged-Particle irradiation to X-Rays: Studies on Biological\\ effectiveness and Side effect Mechanisms in Multicellular Tumor and Normal Tissue Models\\ Stefan Walenta and Wolfgang Mueller-Klieser*\\ Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | citokines Mucositis                                                | Ground                     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | A relatively novel aspect of radiation-associated mucositis\\ results from the ambitious plans of several space agencies, in\\ particular of the NASA and the ESA, for manned missions to the\\ Mars. During such a mission which would last around 3 years,\\ astronauts would be chronically exposed to cosmic radiation due\\ to the absence of a protecting magnetic field. Space radiation consists of protons (87%), α-particles (12%), and heavy ions (1%) in\\ solar particle events and galactic cosmic rays (25). In particular,\\ highly ionizing heavy ions can be hardly shielded exposing the\\ crew members to a serious medical safety risk (26), since the\\ probability of getting a hit by heavy charged particles increases\\ with time in space. It is obvious that the occurrence of oral or\\ intestinal mucositis during a prolonged space flight would lead\\ to hazardous situations.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | 2000 mGy             e fino a 10 Gy per IL6 e IL8                     -----------------------                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | No     cita  altri ===========  Figure 11 demonstrates a consistent and significant elevation of the release of both cytokines upon irradiation for both\\ photons (Figures 11A,B) and particles (Figures 11C,D), albeit in the absence of a consistent dose dependency. Figures 12A,B illustrate for X-rays and carbon ions, respectively, that the addition of  peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs] increases the radiation-induced release of IL6 and IL8 by factors of 2–3.         riporta in FIGURE 12 | Cytokine release following X-ray treatment of organotypic cultures of oral mucosa, determined by commercial ELISA test, as a function\\ of radiation dose and time after radiation with or without coculturing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs; modified according to Ref.\\ (19)]. (A) IL6 and (B) IL8                  =============== poi cita            19. Stahler C, Roth J, Cordes N, Taucher-Scholz G, Mueller-Klieser W. Impact\\ of carbon ion irradiation on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and\\ glioma cell migration in comparison to conventional photon irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol (2013) 89(6):454–61. doi:10.3109/09553002.2013.766769            ---- Double-strand breaks (DSB) in organotypic cultures of oral mucosa, determined by evaluation of γH2AX stainings in immune fluorescence microscopy, as a function of radiation dose and time after radiation [modified according to Ref. (19)] applying (A) X-rays and (B) carbon ions.     |
| cap 3     | 33          |            | 2014  | Carbon ions and X‑rays induce pro‑inflammatory effects\\ in 3D oral mucosa models with and without PBMCs\\ Viktoria Tschachojan1, Henrike Schroer1, Nicole Averbeck2 and Wolfgang Mueller-Klieser1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | citokines Mucositis                                                | ground simulation          | X 12C                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | The focus of the present study was on immediate and early\\ pro‑inflammatory effects after irradiation, where nuclear\\ factor κB (NFκB) activation and increased expression of the\\ cytokines and chemokines are precursors of oral mucositis\\ (22). By way of comparison, we additionally exposed the 3D\\ mucosa model containing PBMCs to X‑rays. Following irradiation\\ with X‑rays or heavy ions (12C), we analyzed the radiation\\ impact on epithelium compactness, DNA damage, activation\\ of NFκB and the release of the cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6)\\ and chemokine IL8.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Quantification of the DNA damage in irradiated\\ mucosa models revealed distinctly more DSB after heavyion\\ irradiation compared to X‑rays at definite time points,\\ suggesting a higher gene toxicity of heavy ions. NFκB activation\\ was observed after treatment with X‑rays or 12C particles.\\ ELISA analyses showed significantly higher IL6 and IL8\\ levels after irradiation with X‑rays and 12C particles compared\\ to non-irradiated controls, whereas co‑cultures including\\ PBMCs released 2 to 3-fold higher interleukin concentrations\\ compared to mucosa models without PBMCs. In this study,\\ we demonstrated that several pro-inflammatory markers are\\ induced by X‑rays and heavy-ion irradiation within an oral\\ mucosa model. This suggests that oral mucositis indeed poses\\ a risk for astronauts on extended space flights.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 34          | YES        | 2015  | Front Oncol. 2015 Jun 4;5:122. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00122. eCollection 2015.\\ \\ Issues for Simulation of Galactic Cosmic Ray Exposures for Radiobiological \\ Research at Ground-Based Accelerators.\\ \\ Kim MH(1), Rusek A(2), Cucinotta FA(3).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | CVD ?                                                              | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | 1000 mGy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | in Japan atomic bomb survivors                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| cap 3     | 35          |            | 2013  | Cucinotta FA, Kim MH, Chappell LJ, Huff JL. How safe is safe enough? Radiation risk for a human mission to Mars. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 16;8(10):e74988. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074988. PMID: 24146746; PMCID: PMC3797711.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | Cardio & Cancer                                                    | ground                     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | stima su modello NASA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | We used NASA’s models of risks and uncertainties based on recent radio-epidemiology studies of cancer, GCR environmental models, particle transport codes describing the GCR modification by atomic and nuclear interactions in spacecraft and tissue shielding, and models of biological effectiveness of different radiation types [5,6]. The model [5] includes NASA defined quality factors for solid cancer and leukemia risk estimates for HZE particles, and use of a never-smoker population to represent astronauts. Risk predictions were made for missions near solar minimum using the average of these derived from historical data on sunspot numbers for solar cycles 1 to 24, and fitted to modern data on GCR composition and energy spectra [5,14,15]. \\ Transport codes describe the atomic and nuclear interactions of particles including projectile and target nuclei fragmentation and production of light particles (protons, neutrons, helium etc.) [16,17]. Recent spacecraft such as the International Space Station (ISS) or Orion capsule developed as an exploration mission crew transfer vehicle have an average of about 20 g/cm2 equivalent aluminum shielding, which is used in risk calculations. For the martian surface we use an average shielding thickness of 10 g/cm2 to represent a light surface habitat, and included the martian atmosphere represented by CO2 with a 18 g/cm2 vertical height. \\ Results for the ISS include the trapped protons [18] along with GCR. Previous reports demonstrate that NASA’s model agrees with spaceflight dosimetry measurements [5,18,19] to within 15%.\\ Organ doses and probability distribution functions (PDF) describing uncertainties in model parameters [5] are summarized in Tables S1 and S2 in File S1, respectively. \\ Circulatory disease risks included cardiovascular disease (CVD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) using excess relative risk (ERR) estimates from a recent meta-analysis of studies of atomic bomb survivors, and nuclear workers in several countries [8]. Circulatory disease risk estimates were made using the non-cancer effects dose equivalent for the blood forming system (BFO) based on a distinct relative biological effectiveness (RBE) factor compared [20,21] to that of cancer estimates, and without the use of a dose and doserate reduction effectiveness factor (DDREF).   ==============The probability of causation (PC) (also denoted as attributable risk) is a conditional probability used as an indicator of a potential causal relationship between radiation exposure and occurrence of\\ disease in a population. Our predictions (Fig. 4) suggest that a large portion of cancers that would be observed in crews after exploration missions would be attributed to GCR exposure, with PC for leukemia, stomach, colon, lung, bladder, ovarian, and\\ esophageal cancer significant. PC will increase modestly for longer post-mission times for most solid cancers and circulatory diseases, and decrease for leukemia. PC estimates for CVD and IHD were smaller than for many cancers because of the larger background\\ occurrence for these diseases. Estimates for CVD and IHD incidence were not made, since only values ERR for mortality were available from the meta-analysis of Little et al. [8]. However obviously morbidity risks for circulatory diseases would be larger than mortality risk estimates and therefore add substantially to the overall morbidity of astronauts returning from a Mars mission.    ----- Risk was much less on ISS compared to deep space missions, and missions of 1-year on the ISS at solar minimum are within the acceptable risk level for astronauts [7]. In contrast, because the exposure is to all GCR energies and the longer mission duration, exploration missions exceeded NASA’s radiation limit by a large amount.  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 36          |            | 2018  | Radiation Exposure and Mortality\\ from Cardiovascular Disease and\\ Cancer in Early NASA Astronauts\\ S. Robin Elgart1, Mark P. Little 2, Lori J. Chappell3, Caitlin M. Milder4, Mark R. Shavers3,\\ Janice L. Huff5 & Zarana S. Patel3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Cardio & Cancer                                                    | Space                      | Astronauts selected from 1959–1969 were included and followed until death or February 2017, with 39 of 73 individuals still alive at that time.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 37          |            | 2016  | Delp MD, Charvat JM, Limoli CL, Globus RK, Ghosh P. Apollo Lunar Astronauts Show Higher Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Possible Deep Space Radiation Effects on the Vascular Endothelium. Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 28;6:29901. doi: 10.1038/srep29901. PMID: 27467019; PMCID: PMC4964660.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | Cardio                                                             | Space                      | The group of all flight astronauts was comprised\\ of 5 females and 37 males, of which the LEO astronaut subgroup contained 5 females and 30 males and\\ the Apollo lunar astronaut subgroup was comprised of 7 males. The non-flight astronauts consisted of 3 females\\ and 32 males.                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | Interactions of the galactic cosmic rays with the spacecraft hull will have a large impact on the radiation exposure\\ of astronauts. Charged particles traversing the hull or “shielding” of the ship will incur nuclear interactions\\ that depend on the composition and thickness of the hull material. These interactions will result in fragmentation\\ products and particles of reduced energy but higher LET that contribute to the radiation dose within the\\ spacecraft. The average radiation dose for the seven deceased Apollo crew was 0.59 ± 0.15 cGy (range 0.18–1.14 cGy)31. If we assume representative shielding scenarios (10 g/cm2) for the Apollo Command Module and radiation\\ quality factors drawn from the most recent International Commission on Radiological Protection33, then the\\ average radiation dose from the galactic cosmic rays to the Apollo astronauts would be approximately 0.295 cGy,\\ or roughly half the total dose during their lunar excursions9. Using similar assumptions, astronauts in LEO would\\ receive 50–100 mSv over a 6–12 month stay, of which the galactic cosmic rays would account for approximately\\ two-thirds of this total dose9. Thus, given their mean mission duration of 15.6 days, the deceased LEO astronauts\\ would receive approximately 0.29 cGy, a galactic cosmic ray dose very similar to the Apollo lunar astronauts.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | Results show there were no differences in CVD mortality rate between non-flight (9%)\\ and LEO (11%) astronauts. However, the CVD mortality rate among Apollo lunar astronauts (43%) was\\ 4–5 times higher than in non-flight and LEO astronauts. To test a possible mechanistic basis for these\\ findings, a secondary purpose was to determine the long-term effects of simulated weightlessness and\\ space-relevant total-body irradiation on vascular responsiveness in mice. The results demonstrate that\\ space-relevant irradiation induces a sustained vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. Such impairment\\ is known to lead to occlusive artery disease, and may be an important risk factor for CVD among\\ astronauts exposed to deep space radiation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| cap 3     | 38          |            | 2016  | Cucinotta FA, Hamada N, Little MP. No evidence for an increase in circulatory disease mortality in astronauts following space radiation exposures. Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2016 Aug;10:53-6. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.08.002. Epub 2016 Aug 20. PMID: 27662788.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | Cardio                                                             | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Delp et al. (2016 ) did not consider the participation of Apollo lunar mission crew in other missions, radiation doses, and time in space under microgravity conditions. Table 1 makes it clear that several Apollo astronauts also participated in low Earth orbit (LEO) missions, including 2 on Mercury, 17 on Gemini, 2 on Sklyab, 1 on Apollo-Soyuz, and 4 on space shuttle (Space Transportation Sys- tem, STS) missions. There are substantial variations in radiation dose, depending on the specific missions, and concomitant radi- ation exposures received by astronauts ( Cucinotta, 2001; Cucinotta et al., 2008; Cucinotta et al., 2003; National Council on Radio- logical Protection and Measurements (NCRP), 1989) . Doses from medical diagnostic exposures and the use of experimental pro- tocols using radioisotopes were much higher for astronauts par- ticipating in the Apollo program compared to more recent astro- nauts ( Cucinotta, 2001; National Council on Radiological Protec- tion and Measurements (NCRP), 1989) . Several Apollo astronauts received small doses during training with the lunar rover at the Nevada (nuclear weapons) Test Site prior to their missions. As- tronauts accumulate significant radiation doses from aviation with large individual variations occurring due to factors such as mili- tary backgrounds, and aviation frequency for pilots versus mission specialists. Average absorbed doses due to space radiation exposures re- ceived by astronauts are recorded based on crew personal dosime- ters, and used to make estimates of effective doses that adjust for radiation quality effects and tissue shielding.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | Delp et al. (2016) do not clarify the precise disease endpoints that are used, in particular they do not define what is meant by CVD. This often refers to a much smaller group of morbidities than circulatory disease, in particular heart and blood vessel disease, including ischemic heart disease (IHD) [ICD-10 I20-I25], hyperten- sive disease [ICD-10 I10-I15], cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) [ICD- 10 I60-I69], and diseases of the veins, arteries and arterioles [ICD- 10 I80-I89].  Data collection was incomplete, and particularly so for non-flight astronauts where death certifi- cates were available for only 49%, with the remaining information coming from newspaper and journal articles.     --------------                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| cap 3     | 39          |            | 1993  | UNSCEAR                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | Cancer                                                             | space / ground simulation  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | <100 mGy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Yes                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| cap 3     | 40          |            | 2007  | ICRP 2007                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Cancer                                                             | space / ground simulation  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 41          |            | 2015  | NCRP. (2015                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | Cancer                                                             | space / ground simulation  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 42          |            | 2017  | McLean AR, Adlen EK, Cardis E, Elliott A, Goodhead DT, Harms-Ringdahl M, Hendry JH, Hoskin P, Jeggo PA, Mackay DJC, Muirhead CR, Shepherd J, Shore RE, Thomas GA, Wakeford R, Godfray HCJ. A restatement of the natural science evidence base concerning the health effects of low-level ionizing radiation. Proc Biol Sci. 2017 Sep 13;284(1862):20171070. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1070. PMID: 28904138; PMCID: PMC5597830.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | Cancer                                                             | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 43          |            | 2017  | Weber W, Zanzonico P. The Controversial Linear No-Threshold Model. J Nucl Med. 2017 Jan;58(1):7-8. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.182667. Epub 2016 Oct 6. PMID: 27754908.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Cancer                                                             | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 44          |            | 2018  | ScottScott BR. A Critique of Recent Epidemiologic Studies of Cancer Mortality Among Nuclear Workers. Dose Response. 2018 May 28;16(2):1559325818778702. doi: 10.1177/1559325818778702. PMID: 29872372; PMCID: PMC5974569.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Cancer                                                             | ground simulation          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 45          |            | 2012  | Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and \\ Uncertainties – 2012\\ Francis A. Cucinotta\\ NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center\\ Houston, Texas\\ Myung-Hee Y. Kim and Lori J. Chappell\\ U.S.R.A., Division of Space Life Sciences\\ Houston, Texas                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Cancer                                                             | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 3     | 46          |            | 2017  | Predictions of space radiation fatality risk for exploration missions\\ Francis A. Cucinotta∗\\ , Khiet To, Eliedonna Cacao                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | Cancer                                                             | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| cap 4     | 47          | YES        | 2015  | Health Phys. 2015 Feb;108(2):131-42. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000000255.\\ \\ Review of NASA approach to space radiation risk assessments for Mars \\ exploration.\\ \\ Cucinotta FA(1).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Cancer                                                             | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2011  | Radiat Res. 2011 Jul;176(1):102-14. doi: 10.1667/rr2540.1. Epub 2011 May 16.\\ \\ Updates to astronaut radiation limits: radiation risks for never-smokers.\\ \\ Cucinotta FA(1), Chappell LJ.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | Cancer                                                             | Space                      | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Risk Projection, Astronaut Radiation Limits, LSS atomic bomb survivor, Lung and total cancer risk estimation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2012  | J Radiat Res. 2012;53(1):51-7. doi: 10.1269/jrr.11121.\\ \\ Heavy ions can enhance TGFβ mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition.\\ \\ Wang M(1), Hada M, Huff J, Pluth JM, Anderson J, O'Neill P, Cucinotta FA.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Cancer                                                             | Space                      | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Experiments using heavy ions were performed at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) in Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL, NY). Si nuclei with an energy of 170 MeV/u, and LET of 99 keV/μm, and Fe nuclei with an energy of 600 MeV/u, and LET of 180 keV/μm were delivered at the indicated doses. A 20 × 20 cm2 beam ensured complete and equal exposure to all samples. The dose rate was between 0.25 to 1 Gy/min dependent upon dose. T25 flasks containing exponentially growing cells were exposed vertically with the cell surface facing the beams. Cells were irradiated 1 h after TGFβ1 treatment and harvested 2 (Mv1Lu) or 3 days (EPC2) after TGFβ1 and/ or Silicon/Iron irradiation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | Heavy Ions (0.1-2 Gy)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2013  | Mutat Res. 2013 Aug 30;756(1-2):165-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.007. Epub \\ 2013 Apr 29.\\ \\ Cytogenetic damage in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts: effects of repeat \\ long-duration space missions.\\ \\ George K(1), Rhone J, Beitman A, Cucinotta FA.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | Cytogenetic Biodosimetry, Chromosome Damage                        | Space                      | ISS Long Stay missions (5 Astronauts)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | ISS stay > 2 months                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | No                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| Appo      |             |            | 2014  | Life (Basel). 2014 Sep 11;4(3):491-510. doi: 10.3390/life4030491.\\ \\ Space Radiation: The Number One Risk to Astronaut Health beyond Low Earth Orbit.\\ \\ Chancellor JC(1), Scott GB(2), Sutton JP(3).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Cancer, CNS, Tissue degenaeration, Acute Radiation Syndrome        |                            | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Not specifc model addresses , but an overview of possible new approaches using 'omics and ground simulation experiments at accelerators                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | aberrations ================ In 2008, using multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, Cucinotta et al. vividly showed complex chromosomal aberrations in lymphocyte cells involving three or more chromosomes, observed post-mission in ISS astronauts [29], (Figure 5). This work was significant, as it demonstrated gross biomolecular damage at the fundamental DNA level within ISS crewmembers as a result of exposure to space radiation [29]. Radiation Carcinogenesis It still remains to be determined whether the higher doses of radiation incurred during future exploration class missions beyond LEO will increase the threat of cancer for astronaut crews [4].\\ The elevated risk for astronauts developing cancer during or following a mission is directly related to the dose of radiation received [30]. Shavers et al. determined that the doses received by astronauts during extended ISS missions were typically greater than 70 mSv [31].   non dimostrabile per confonding factors  ============= However, interpretation of these studies is limited by significant individual variability and insufficient statistical power [37–40]. This has led to the dose-limiting guidelines that are currently amongst the highest occupational radiation exposure levels [29], (Table 1).\\ Table 1. Example career effective dose limits in units of Sieverts as calculated for one-year ISS missions. The radiation exposure-induced average life-loss per death for carcinogenesis is shown in parenthesis [41].         CNS ============= Recent studies at NASA’s Space Radiation Laboratory using heavy-ion beams to simulate the GCR environment have provided evidence of the CNS health risk for missions outside of LEO. Britten et al. have shown that doses as low as 20 cGy of simulated GCR radiation (1 GeV/u 56Fe particles) can significantly impair learning and memory in a rodent model.  Space radiation-induced CNS effects are not limited to the effects of HZE particles. Hienz et al.\\ demonstrated that proton radiation caused marked neurocognitive deficits at doses as low as 25 cGy.   Susceptibility to radiation-induced CNS changes was measured, and it was shown that the more radiosensitive animals exhibited significant changes in proteins associated with dopamine receptors and transporters in the brain. These results may indicate that dopamine levels have an important role in neurobehavioral response to radiation [60,61]. These research data demonstrate that important changes to the CNS can be expected to occur at mission-relevant dose and dose rate levels. Research is still needed to clearly elucidate the significance\\ to astronaut morbidity.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2015  | Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2015 Sep;166(1-4):282-9. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncv144. Epub \\ 2015 Apr 16.\\ \\ Biophysics of NASA radiation quality factors.\\ \\ Cucinotta FA(1).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Cancer                                                             | Space                      | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Cancer Risk Assessment and projections                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Results(1) for the overall PDF of the NASA QF\\ function for solid cancers (upper panel) and leukemia (lower\\ panel) versus kinetic energy for Fe particles. Median value\\ and 95% confidence intervals are shown , Range showed is 100KeV to 10 GeV                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2015  | Mutat Res. 2015 May;775:10-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.03.003. Epub 2015 Mar \\ 16.\\ \\ The effect of low dose ionizing radiation on homeostasis and functional \\ integrity in an organotypic human skin model.\\ \\ von Neubeck C(1), Geniza MJ(2), Kauer PM(3), Robinson RJ(3), Chrisler WB(3), \\ Sowa MB(4).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | Tissue skin degeneration                                           | Ground                     | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | n vitro 3-D organotypic skin model consisting of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were \\ 23 obtained from MatTek (EpiDermFT 400, MatTek Corp., Ashland, MA, USA). Tissue samples were \\ 24 randomized upon receipt to exclude production specific alterations. Samples were grown at 37°C, 95% \\ humidity and 5% CO2 25 in a 6-transwell insert system and maintained in 3 ml of maintenance medium \\ 26 (MatTek Corp.). Three hours prior to irradiation, the culture media was replaced with 2 ml fresh media. \\ 27 Due to constraints in beam time availability, sample age and equilibration times (minimum 24 h) could \\ Von Neubeck et al. Page | 5\\ 1 not be held constant. Ion exposures were performed at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at \\ 2 Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL, Uptown, NY, USA, campaigns IIA, IIB and IIC). Table 1 \\ 3 summarizes the ion exposure conditions, including ion species, LET, energy, and dose. Exposures were \\ designed to deliver either a mean value of one primary ion traversal/basal cell (F2 = 1.1 x 10-3\\  ions/µm2 4 ) \\ or one traversal for every third cell in the basal layer (F1 = 3.6 x 10-4\\  ions/µm2 5 ) [13]. Neon information \\ 6 from previous experimental exposures is included for the purpose of discussion only [14]. Samples were \\ 7 oriented at 45° from the incident particle beam to provide a more uniform irradiation to all samples and to \\ 8 minimize scattering and secondary ionizations from the container walls. Post exposure, the culture media \\ 9 of samples with an incubation time longer than 8 h was supplemented with an additional 1 ml of fresh \\ 10 media. Time matched controls are included for all exposures.   | Low dose of High LET  (O, Si, Fe) ions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2015  | Radiat Res. 2015 Jan;183(1):1-26. doi: 10.1667/RR13804.1. Epub 2015 Jan 7.\\ \\ Understanding cancer development processes after HZE-particle exposure: roles of \\ ROS, DNA damage repair and inflammation.\\ \\ Sridharan DM(1), Asaithamby A, Bailey SM, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, \\ Kronenberg A, Rithidech KN, Saha J, Snijders AM, Werner E, Wiese C, Cucinotta \\ FA, Pluth JM.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | Chromosome damage                                                  | Ground                     | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | NASA Space Radiation Laboratory                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2016  | . Radiat Res. 2016 Dec;186(6):624-637. doi: 10.1667/RR14569.1. Epub 2016 Dec 7.\\ \\ Modeling Heavy-Ion Impairment of Hippocampal Neurogenesis after Acute and \\ Fractionated Irradiation.\\ \\ Cacao E(1), Cucinotta FA(1).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Cancer                                                             | Ground                     | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Here, we have extended our recent work in a mouse model of impaired neurogenesis after exposure to low-linear energy transfer \\ (LET) radiation to heavy ion irradiation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a predictive mathematical model of radiation-induced changes to neurogenesis for a variety of radiation types after acute or fractionated \\ irradiation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Heavy Ions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2016  | Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2016 Jun;9:19-47. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.05.004. \\ Epub 2016 May 21.\\ \\ Evaluating biomarkers to model cancer risk post cosmic ray exposure.\\ \\ Sridharan DM(1), Asaithamby A(2), Blattnig SR(3), Costes SV(1), Doetsch PW(4), \\ Dynan WS(4), Hahnfeldt P(5), Hlatky L(5), Kidane Y(6), Kronenberg A(1), Naidu \\ MD(5), Peterson LE(7), Plante I(6), Ponomarev AL(6), Saha J(2), Snijders AM(1), \\ Srinivasan K(2), Tang J(8), Werner E(4), Pluth JM(9).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Cancer                                                             | Ground                     | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Highlight of factors that could be important in choosing biomarkers to evaluate the potential for biomarkers to inform models of post exposure cancer risk                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | Datasets used : Protons (4.5 MeV), Gamma (Cs-137,5Gy), Fe(1.667Gy 1GeV),  Breast Cancer , Colorectal Cancer, Lung Cancer                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2016  | PLoS One. 2016 Apr 25;11(4):e0153998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153998. \\ eCollection 2016.\\ \\ Relative Biological Effectiveness of HZE Particles for Chromosomal Exchanges and \\ Other Surrogate Cancer Risk Endpoints.\\ \\ Cacao E(1), Hada M(2), Saganti PB(2), George KA(3), Cucinotta FA(1).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | Chromosome Aberrations , Cancer Risk                               | Ground                     | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Linear and Non targeted effects studied in surrogate endpoints of cancer risk in cell culture models. Also influence of possible NTEs on the RBE values are investigated.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | Low doses < 0.1 Gy, also 1 Gy doses, Heavy Nucleai (C, O, Ne, Si, Ti, Fe, )                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2017  | Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2017 May;13:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.01.005. \\ Epub 2017 Feb 1.\\ \\ Predictions of space radiation fatality risk for exploration missions.\\ \\ Cucinotta FA(1), To K(2), Cacao E(2).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Cancer                                                             | Space                      | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | during space missions are used in the modeling studies.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | ISS long stay = 1 year; Deep space 1 Year; Mars 940 day mission ( surface?)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
|           |             |            | 2018  | Health Phys. 2018 Feb;114(2):243-245. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000000760.\\ \\ NCRP Program Area Committee 1: Basic Criteria, Epidemiology, Radiobiology, and \\ Risk.\\ \\ Bernstein J, Woloschak GE.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | Cardio                                                             | Space                      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | non lo metterei solo un riassunto di un meeting con no data                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2018  | Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2018 Feb;16:76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.12.002. \\ Epub 2017 Dec 21.\\ \\ Dynamical modeling approach to risk assessment for radiogenic leukemia among \\ astronauts engaged in interplanetary space missions. (Cancer) \\ \\ Smirnova OA(1), Cucinotta FA(2).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Cancer                                                             | Space (Biological Models)  | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Numerous scenarios of space radiation exposure (SPE, Shielding, GCR, mission durations,…)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2019  | Int J Radiat Biol. 2019 Oct;95(10):1361-1371. doi: \\ 10.1080/09553002.2018.1562252. Epub 2019 Jan 31.\\ \\ Low-dose radiobiology program at Canadian nuclear laboratories: past, present, \\ and future.\\ \\ Wang Y(1)(2), Bannister LA(1)(2), Sebastian S(1), Le Y(1)(2), Ismail Y(1), \\ Didychuk C(1), Richardson RB(1)(3), Flegal F(1), Paterson LC(1), Causey P(1), \\ Fawaz A(1), Wyatt H(1), Priest N(4), Klokov D(1)(2).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | ?                                                                  | ?                          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2019  | Radiat Res. 2019 Nov;192(5):463-472. doi: 10.1667/RR15419.1. Epub 2019 Aug 15.\\ \\ Meta-analysis of Cognitive Performance by Novel Object Recognition after Proton \\ and Heavy Ion Exposures.\\ \\ Cacao E(1), Cucinotta FA(1).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                                    | Ground                     | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Here we report on the first quantitative \\ meta-analysis of the dose response for proton and heavy ion rodent studies of \\ the widely used novel object recognition (NOR) test, which estimates detriments \\ in recognition or object memory                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2021  | Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2021 Aug;30:82-95. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.06.002. \\ Epub 2021 Jun 19.\\ \\ What can space radiation protection learn from radiation oncology?\\ \\ Tinganelli W(1), Luoni F(2), Durante M(3).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | Cancer, CNS , CVD, …                                               | Ground                     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | cataract ====================== In addition, the RBE of heavy ions for cataractogenesis is very high, ~50 at doses <100 mGy (Hamada and Sato, 2016), and it is therefore expected that the effect can be observed also in space. In fact, we have clear evidence that space radiation induces ocular cataract in astronauts (Chylack et al., 2012; Cucinotta et al., 2001), and indeed lens opacification is the only proven space-radiation effect actually observed\\ in crews of space missions.                                                   CVD ==============For space travel, the question is whether CVD risk is increased also at doses <1 Gy, and what is the RBE at low doses for CVD induction (Sylvester et al., 2018). It is also necessary to consider that the cardiovascular system is highly perturbated by weightlessness, and the overall impact on CVD remains unclear (Hughson et al., 2017).                                     Individual susceptibility ===================  For space agencies, information on individual radiosensitivity would be very useful for crew selection, at least to exclude individuals hypersensitive to radiation exposure (NCRP, 2010). Genetic screening is therefore potentially a very effective countermeasure to prevent GCR damage in space (Locke and Weil, 2016; Sridharan et al., 2016). On the other hand, recent molecular studies in astronauts show that specific miRNA signatures can be biomarker of sensitivity to radiation exposure (Garrett-Bakelman et al., 2019; Malkani et al., 2020). The field of individual susceptibility is therefore rapidly progressing both in radiotherapy and space medicine, and a tight collaboration is\\ clearly necessary.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2021  | . Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 3;11(1):11687. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90695-5.\\ \\ An easy-to-use function to assess deep space radiation in human brains.\\ \\ Khaksarighiri S(1), Guo J(2)(3)(4), Wimmer-Schweingruber R(1), Narici L(5)(6).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | ?                                                                  | ?                          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | . We use a realistic model of the \\ head/brain structure and calculate the radiation deposit therein by realistic \\ SEP events, also under various shielding scenarios.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2021  | Radiat Environ Biophys. 2021 May;60(2):213-231. doi: 10.1007/s00411-021-00910-0. \\ Epub 2021 Apr 30.\\ \\ A bespoke health risk assessment methodology for the radiation protection of \\ astronauts.\\ \\ Walsh L(1), Hafner L(2), Straube U(3), Ulanowski A(4)(5), Fogtman A(3), Durante \\ M(6)(7), Weerts G(3), Schneider U(8)(9).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | Cancer (solid and Leukemia)                                        | Space                      | No data from space missions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Results are provided for all solid cancer plus leukemia incidence RADS from \\ estimated doses from theoretical radiation exposures accumulated during \\ long-term missions to the Moon or Mars.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Moon and Mars long term mission exposure                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Appo      |             |            | 2014  | Space radiation risks to the central nervous system\\ Francis A.Cucinottaa,∗, MuratAlpa, Frank M.Sulzmanb, MinliWangb                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | eye flashes                                                        | Space/ground simulation    | studies in astronauts                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Table1Comparison of NSCR-2012 model to MSL Rad measurements for average dose-rate and dose equivalent rate on cruise phase to Mars and on Martian surface.                    3.3. Limitations to studies in astronauts\\ The possible observation of CNS effects in astronauts partici-pating in past NASA missions is highly unlikely. First, because the lengths of past missions are relatively short and the population size of astronauts is small. Secondly, in low Earth orbit (LEO) as-tronauts are partially protected by the Earth’s magnetic field and the solid body of the Earth, which together reduce the GCR dose-rate by about 2/3from its free space values. Furthermore, the GCR in LEO has lower LET components compared to the GCR to be encountered in transit to Mars or on the lunar surface because the Earth’s magnetic field repels nuclei with energies below about 1000MeV/u, which are of higher LET. For these reasons, the CNS risks are of a higher concern for long-duration lunar missions or for a Mars mission than for missions on the International Space Station (ISS).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | One area where direct observations of space radiation effects on astronauts has been demonstrated is the light flashes that were observed by the astronauts during the early Apollo missions and dedicated experiments subsequently performed on later Apollo and Skylab missions (Pinsky et al., 1974). More recently, studies of light flashes have been made on the Russian Mir space station and the International Space Station (ISS) (Sannita et al., 2004). A1973 re-port by the National Academy of Science discussed these effectsin detail. This phenomenon, known as a phosphene, is the visual perception of flickering light. It is considered a subjective sensa-tion of light since it can be caused by simply applying pressure on the eyeball (NCRP, 2006). The traversal of a single highly charged particle through the occipital cortex or the retina was estimated to be able to cause a light flash. Possible mechanisms for HZE-induced light flashes include direct ionization and Cerenkov ra-diation within the retina. The observation of light flashes by the astronauts helped bring attention to the possible effects of HZE nuclei on brain function (NAS, 1973).  ====== Recent debate has considered if cataracts will occur without a dose threshold (ICRP, 2012). The increased inci-dence of cataracts observed after the low space radiation doses of past space missions (Cucinotta et al., 2001, Chylack et al., 2009;Chylack et al., 2012), where only a small fraction of cells in a tis-sue are damaged, suggests that new paradigms for deterministic effects should be considered.           ====== The studies of Britten (Britten et al., 2010, 2012; Lonart et al., 2012) has considered the possibility that neurocognitive tasks reg-ulated by the prefrontal cortex could be impaired after exposure to low doses of HZE-particles, which could prevent astronauts from performing complex executive functions.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
|           |             |            | 2014  | Space radiation risks to the central nervous system\\ Francis A.Cucinottaa,∗, MuratAlpa, Frank M.Sulzmanb, MinliWangb                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | CNS                                                                | Space/ground simulation    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | In the past, limiting the risks to the CNS of adults exposed to low to moderate doses of ionizing radiation has not been a con-cern for occupational radiation exposure. CNS injury that occurs after high doses of radiation used in radiotherapy, including early delayed effects such as demyelination and late delayed effects such as vascular damage and white matter necrosis, are not a concern for spaceflight (Tofilon and Fike, 2000;Hopewell, 1994). However, the HZE particle component of space radiation presents distinct biophysical challenges to cells and tissues compared to terrestrial forms of radiation. Soon after the discovery of cosmic rays, the concern for CNS risks originated with the prediction of the light flash phenomenon from single HZE nuclei traversals of the retina (Tobias, 1952), which was later confirmed by the Apollo astronauts. HZE nuclei are capable of producing a column of heavily damaged cells along their path through tissues, described as a microlesion (NAS, 1973;Todd, 1989), possibly leading to negative impacts on CNS function. In the last decade new hypotheses for mechanisms of HZE damage to the CNS have been described related to the observation of cognitive changes, the impacts by HZE nuclei on neurogenesis, and pathological changes related to Alzheimer’s dis-ease and other late effects in experimental studies of the CNS. ============ Limitations to studies in astronauts\\ The possible observation of CNS effects in astronauts partici-pating in past NASA missions is highly unlikely. First, because the lengths of past missions are relatively short and the population size of astronauts is small. Secondly, in low Earth orbit (LEO) as-tronauts are partially protected by the Earth’s magnetic field and the solid body of the Earth, which together reduce the GCR dose-rate by about 2/3from its free space values                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |