====== systemd (esercitazione) ====== Esercitazioni sul modulo **systemd**. ==== Parte 1: Visualizzazione dello stato del sistema e proprieta' delle units ==== - Visualizzazione dello stato del sistema. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ● localhost.localdomain State: degraded Jobs: 0 queued Failed: 1 units Since: Mon 2018-11-26 07:22:35 EST; 22min ago ... │ └─1281 /sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 linux └─systemd-journald.service └─459 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald [root@localhost ~]# - Identificazione della unit che ha fallito (a dopo la soluzione del problema) root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-units --failed UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION ● rngd.service loaded failed failed Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB. SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type. 1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status rngd ● rngd.service - Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rngd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:22:55 EST; 23min ago Process: 760 ExecStart=/sbin/rngd -f (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Main PID: 760 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon. Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Hardware RNG Entropy Gatherer Daemon... Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Failed to init entropy source 0: Hardware RNG Device Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Failed to init entropy source 1: TPM RNG Device Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Failed to init entropy source 2: Intel RDRAND Instruction RNG Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: can't open any entropy source Nov 26 07:22:51 localhost.localdomain rngd[760]: Maybe RNG device modules are not loaded Nov 26 07:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: rngd.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE Nov 26 07:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Unit rngd.service entered failed state. Nov 26 07:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: rngd.service failed. [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzazione di tutte le unit ed identificazione di eventuali problemi (units not found).\\ Le unit **not found** sono unit non installate (no unit file) ma presenti in dipendenze di altre unit [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-units -a UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Point dev-block-8:2.device loaded active plugged LVM PV AAHlBZ-3dLf-gVNY-C5eK-ksMU-dAvH-0L6awx on /dev/sda2 2 ... vmtoolsd.service loaded inactive dead Service for virtual machines hosted on VMware ● ypbind.service not-found inactive dead ypbind.service ● yppasswdd.service not-found inactive dead yppasswdd.service ● ypserv.service not-found inactive dead ypserv.service ● ypxfrd.service not-found inactive dead ypxfrd.service ... - Verificare che la unit ypbind.service non e' installata (visualizzare stato e unit file) [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ypbind.service Unit ypbind.service could not be found. [root@localhost ~]# - Cercare la unit che riporta ypbind.service tra le sue dipendenze [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies --after ypbind.service ypbind.service ● └─rhel-domainname.service [root@localhost ~]# ==== Parte 2: Stato dei servizi: start/stop/ena/disa ==== - Visualizzare lo stato di httpd [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) [root@localhost ~]# - Far partire httpd, e visualizzare il suo stato [root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:52:25 EST; 1s ago Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) Main PID: 2248 (httpd) Status: "Processing requests..." Tasks: 6 CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service ├─2248 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2249 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2250 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2251 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2252 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND └─2253 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. [root@localhost ~]# - Abilitare httpd e visualizzare il suo stato [root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable httpd Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:52:25 EST; 37s ago Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) Main PID: 2248 (httpd) Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec" CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service ├─2248 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2249 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2250 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2251 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2252 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND └─2253 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. [root@localhost ~]# - Riconfigurare lo stato di abilitazione di httpd al preset [root@localhost ~]# systemctl preset httpd Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 07:52:25 EST; 1min 37s ago Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) Main PID: 2248 (httpd) Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec" CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service ├─2248 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2249 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2250 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2251 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2252 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND └─2253 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop httpd [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain httpd[2248]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message Nov 26 07:52:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. Nov 26 07:54:10 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 07:54:11 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. [root@localhost ~]# ==== Parte 3: target units ==== - Visualizzare la default target unit [root@localhost ~]# systemctl get-default multi-user.target [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzare le dipendenze di multi-target dirette e inverse [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target multi-user.target ● ├─abrt-ccpp.service ● ├─abrt-oops.service ● ├─abrt-vmcore.service ... [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target --reverse multi-user.target ● └─graphical.target [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzare la lista di link delle unit //wanted// da multi-user.target [root@localhost ~]# ls -l -1 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ total 0 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 41 Nov 13 08:00 abrt-ccpp.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/abrt-ccpp.service lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Nov 13 08:00 abrtd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/abrtd.service lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 41 Nov 13 08:00 abrt-oops.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/abrt-oops.service ... [root@localhost ~]# ls -l -1 /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ total 0 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Nov 13 05:55 dbus.service -> ../dbus.service lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Nov 13 07:54 getty.target -> ../getty.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 Nov 13 05:55 plymouth-quit.service -> ../plymouth-quit.service lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 29 Nov 13 05:55 plymouth-quit-wait.service -> ../plymouth-quit-wait.service lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 33 Nov 13 07:54 systemd-ask-password-wall.path -> ../systemd-ask-password-wall.path - Andare in graphical target [root@localhost ~]# systemctl isolate graphical.target [root@localhost ~]# - Creare una snapshot con httpd e mysqld attivi [root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd [root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service [root@localhost ~]# systemctl snapshot snap1 snap1.snapshot [root@localhost ~]# - Spostarsi tra multi-user target e snapshot e verificare che i servizi si attivano e disattivano [root@localhost ~]# systemctl isolate multi-user [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2018-11-26 14:00:02 CET; 5s ago Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) Process: 3446 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 2903 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 2903 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec" Nov 26 13:58:14 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 13:58:14 localhost.localdomain httpd[2903]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message Nov 26 13:58:14 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. Nov 26 14:00:01 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 14:00:02 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mariadb ● mariadb.service - MariaDB database server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2018-11-26 14:00:05 CET; 9s ago Process: 3199 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mariadb-wait-ready $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 3198 ExecStart=/usr/bin/mysqld_safe --basedir=/usr (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 3119 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mariadb-prepare-db-dir %n (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 3198 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: The latest information about MariaDB is available at http://mariadb.org/. Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: You can find additional information about the MySQL part at: Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: http://dev.mysql.com Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: Consider joining MariaDB's strong and vibrant community: Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mariadb-prepare-db-dir[3119]: https://mariadb.org/get-involved/ Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mysqld_safe[3198]: 181126 13:58:54 mysqld_safe Logging to '/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log'. Nov 26 13:58:54 localhost.localdomain mysqld_safe[3198]: 181126 13:58:54 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql Nov 26 13:58:56 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MariaDB database server. Nov 26 14:00:01 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping MariaDB database server... Nov 26 14:00:05 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped MariaDB database server. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl isolate snap1.snapshot [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 14:03:21 CET; 8s ago Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) Process: 3446 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 3583 (httpd) Status: "Processing requests..." Tasks: 6 CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service ├─3583 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─3644 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─3645 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─3646 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─3647 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND └─3648 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND Nov 26 14:03:21 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... Nov 26 14:03:21 localhost.localdomain httpd[3583]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.l...s message Nov 26 14:03:21 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. [root@localhost ~]# - Andare in default target e rimuovere la snapshot [root@localhost ~]# systemctl default [root@localhost ~]# systemctl delete snap1.snapshot [root@localhost ~]# ==== Parte 4: unit files ==== In /root/ses c'e' una applicazione che implementa un servizio (Simple Echo Service) che si mette in ascolto sulla porta TCP 0.0.0.0:5555.\\ Provate ad eseguirlo interattivamente:\\ su una finestra eseguite: **# /root/ses/ses**\\ su una seconda finestra eseguite **# telnet 127.0.0.1 5555**\\ L'esercitazione consiste nei seguenti punti: - Creare uno unit file per far eseguire ses tramite systemd (includere configuraizone per fare restart in 30 secondi) [root@localhost ses]# cat ses.service [Unit] Description=SES Simple Echo Service # needed? #Wants=ses.socket #After=ses.socket [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/root/ses/ses Restart=always RestartSec=30s #[Install] #WantedBy=multi-user.target [root@localhost ses]# cp ses.service /etc/systemd/system/ [root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses ● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) Nov 26 14:14:32 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/ses.service:1] Assignment outside of section. Ignoring. Nov 26 14:14:32 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/ses.service:18] Missing '='. Nov 26 14:16:23 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/ses.service:1] Assignment outside of section. Ignoring. [root@localhost ses]# netstat -nap | grep 5555 [root@localhost ses]# systemctl start ses [root@localhost ses]# netstat -nap | grep 5555 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5555 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 4603/ses [root@localhost ses]# [root@localhost ~]# telnet 127.0.0.1 5555 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to 127.0.0.1. Escape character is '^]'. Welcome to the Simple Echo Service. Type "quit" to close connection, "bigquit" to quit the service. ciao ciao bigquit Connection closed by foreign host. - Creare unit files per far eseguire ses da systemd tramite socket-based activation [root@localhost ~]# cat ses.socket [Unit] Description=Simple Echo Server Activation Socket [Socket] ListenStream=0.0.0.0:5555 [Install] WantedBy=sockets.target [root@localhost ~]# cat ses.service [Unit] Description=SES Simple Echo Service # needed? Wants=ses.socket After=ses.socket [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/root/ses/ses #[Install] #WantedBy=multi-user.target [root@localhost ~]# cp -f ses.socket ses.service /etc/systemd/system/ cp: overwrite ‘/etc/systemd/system/ses.service’? y [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ses.socket ● ses.socket - Simple Echo Server Activation Socket Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) Listen: 0.0.0.0:5555 (Stream) [root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable ses.socket Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/ses.socket to /etc/systemd/system/ses.socket. [root@localhost ~]# systemctl start ses.socket [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ses.socket ● ses.socket - Simple Echo Server Activation Socket Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.socket; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (listening) since Mon 2018-11-26 16:50:55 CET; 4s ago Listen: 0.0.0.0:5555 (Stream) Nov 26 16:50:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Listening on Simple Echo Server Activation Socket. Nov 26 16:50:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Simple Echo Server Activation Socket. [root@localhost ~]# netstat -napt | grep 5555 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5555 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/systemd [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# telnet 127.0.0.1 5555 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to 127.0.0.1. Escape character is '^]'. Welcome to the Simple Echo Service. Type "quit" to close connection, "bigquit" to quit the service. [root@localhost ~]# netstat -napt | grep 5555 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5555 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/systemd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5555 127.0.0.1:41130 ESTABLISHED 15197/ses tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:41130 127.0.0.1:5555 ESTABLISHED 15196/telnet [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status ses ● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 16:53:56 CET; 2min 34s ago Main PID: 15197 (ses) Tasks: 1 CGroup: /system.slice/ses.service └─15197 /root/ses/ses Nov 26 16:53:56 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started SES Simple Echo Service. Nov 26 16:53:56 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting SES Simple Echo Service... [root@localhost ~]# - Creare uno unit file per far eseguire ses da systemd tramite path-based activation [root@localhost ses]# cat ses.service [Unit] Description=SES Simple Echo Service [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/root/ses/ses [root@localhost ses]# cat ses.path [Unit] Description=Simple Echo Server Activation Path [Path] PathExists=/root/ses/activate [root@localhost ses]# cp ses.service ses.path /etc/systemd/system/ [root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.path ● ses.path - Simple Echo Server Activation Path Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.path; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) [root@localhost ses]# systemctl start ses.path [root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.path ● ses.path - Simple Echo Server Activation Path Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.path; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (waiting) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:07:41 CET; 2s ago Nov 26 17:07:41 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Simple Echo Server Activation Path. Nov 26 17:07:41 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Simple Echo Server Activation Path. [root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.service ● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2018-11-26 16:57:06 CET; 11min ago ... [root@localhost ses]# netstat -napt | grep 5555 [root@localhost ses]# touch /root/ses/activate [root@localhost ses]# netstat -napt | grep 5555 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5555 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 15562/ses [root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses.service ● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:09:40 CET; 6s ago Main PID: 15562 (ses) Tasks: 1 CGroup: /system.slice/ses.service └─15562 /root/ses/ses Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started SES Simple Echo Service. Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting SES Simple Echo Service... [root@localhost ses]# rm /root/ses/activate rm: remove regular empty file ‘/root/ses/activate’? y [root@localhost ses]# systemctl status ses ● ses.service - SES Simple Echo Service Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/ses.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:09:40 CET; 1min 20s ago Main PID: 15562 (ses) Tasks: 1 CGroup: /system.slice/ses.service └─15562 /root/ses/ses Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started SES Simple Echo Service. Nov 26 17:09:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting SES Simple Echo Service... ==== Parte 5: journald ==== - Visualizzare i log di journald, tutti o quelli di una particolare unit [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. -- Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[87]: Runtime journal is using 8.0M (max allowed 91.9M, trying to leave 137.9M free of 911.3M available → current Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset ... Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server started Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server has been started out of systemd. Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server is quitting [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u abrtd.service netcf-transaction.service session-15.scope session-4.scope accounts-daemon.service NetworkManager-dispatcher.service session-16.scope session-5.scope alsa-state.service NetworkManager.service session-17.scope session-6.scope auditd.service network.service session-18.scope session-7.scope avahi-daemon.service packagekit.service session-19.scope session-8.scope chronyd.service polkit.service session-1.scope session-9.scope crond.service postfix.service session-20.scope session-c1.scope dbus.service realmd.service session-21.scope session-c2.scope fprintd.service rngd.service session-22.scope smartd.service gdm.service rpc-statd-notify.service session-23.scope sshd.service httpd.service rsyslog.service session-24.scope systemd-fsck-root.service irqbalance.service rtkit-daemon.service session-25.scope systemd-journald.service kdump.service ses.service session-26.scope systemd-logind.service libvirtd.service session-10.scope session-27.scope systemd-timedated.service lvm2-monitor.service session-11.scope session-28.scope systemd-udevd.service lvm2-pvscan@8:2.service session-12.scope session-29.scope udisks2.service mariadb.service session-13.scope session-2.scope ModemManager.service session-14.scope session-3.scope [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u chronyd -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. -- Nov 26 13:22:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting NTP client/server... Nov 26 13:22:56 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: chronyd version 3.2 starting (+CMDMON +NTP +REFCLOCK +RTC +PRIVDROP +SCFILTER +SECHASH +SIGND +ASYNCDNS +IPV6 +DEBU Nov 26 13:22:57 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: Frequency 24.009 +/- 2.704 ppm read from /var/lib/chrony/drift Nov 26 13:22:57 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started NTP client/server. Nov 26 13:23:16 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: Selected source 193.204.114.233 ... Nov 26 16:46:11 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: Selected source 31.14.131.188 Nov 26 16:46:11 localhost.localdomain chronyd[815]: System clock wrong by 9959.861550 seconds, adjustment started - Visualizzare solo i messaggi con priority compresa tra **notice** ed **err** [root@localhost ~]# man journalctl | grep notice "alert" (1), "crit" (2), "err" (3), "warning" (4), "notice" (5), "info" (6), "debug" (7). If a single log level is specified, all messages with this [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -p 3..5 -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. -- Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Linux version 3.10.0-862.14.4.el7.x86_64 (mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5- Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: ACPI: RSDP 00000000000e0000 00024 (v02 VBOX ) Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: ACPI: XSDT 000000007fff0030 0003C (v01 VBOX VBOXXSDT 00000001 ASL 00000061) ... Nov 26 17:10:34 localhost.localdomain dbus[762]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.freedesktop.nm_dispatcher' unit='dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher Nov 26 17:10:34 localhost.localdomain dbus[762]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.nm_dispatcher' [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzare con filtro sul transport stdout; utilizzare la completion [root@localhost ~]# journalctl _AUDIT_LOGINUID= COREDUMP_EXE= _MACHINE_ID= _SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP= _TRANSPORT= _AUDIT_SESSION= __CURSOR= MESSAGE= SYSLOG_FACILITY= _UDEV_DEVLINK= _BOOT_ID= ERRNO= MESSAGE_ID= SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER= _UDEV_DEVNODE= _CMDLINE= _EXE= __MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP= SYSLOG_PID= _UDEV_SYSNAME= CODE_FILE= _GID= _PID= _SYSTEMD_CGROUP= _UID= CODE_FUNC= _HOSTNAME= PRIORITY= _SYSTEMD_OWNER_UID= CODE_LINE= _KERNEL_DEVICE= __REALTIME_TIMESTAMP= _SYSTEMD_SESSION= _COMM= _KERNEL_SUBSYSTEM= _SELINUX_CONTEXT= _SYSTEMD_UNIT= [root@localhost ~]# journalctl _TRANSPORT= driver journal kernel stdout syslog [root@localhost ~]# journalctl _TRANSPORT=stdout -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:11:26 CET. -- Nov 26 13:22:32 localhost.localdomain systemd-fsck[361]: /sbin/fsck.xfs: XFS file system. Nov 26 13:22:46 localhost.localdomain lvm[644]: WARNING: lvmetad is being updated, retrying (setup) for 10 more seconds. Nov 26 13:22:47 localhost.localdomain lvm[467]: 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "centos" monitored Nov 26 13:22:48 localhost.localdomain lvm[644]: 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "centos" now active ... Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server started Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server has been started out of systemd. Nov 26 17:11:26 localhost.localdomain ses[15562]: SES - Simple Echo Server is quitting - Visualizzare con filtro su SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER [root@localhost ~]# journalctl SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=sshd -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:20:01 CET. -- Nov 26 13:23:14 localhost.localdomain sshd[1262]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Nov 26 13:23:14 localhost.localdomain sshd[1262]: Server listening on :: port 22. Nov 26 13:43:34 localhost.localdomain sshd[2060]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.56.1 port 49217 ssh2 Nov 26 13:43:34 localhost.localdomain sshd[2060]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Nov 26 14:11:41 localhost.localdomain sshd[4282]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.56.1 port 49309 ssh2 Nov 26 14:11:41 localhost.localdomain sshd[4282]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) [root@localhost ~]# - Abilitare la persistenza (verificare la collocazione dei journal files) [root@localhost ~]# ls -R /run/log/journal/ /run/log/journal/: 81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878 /run/log/journal/81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878: system.journal [root@localhost ~]# ls -R /var/log/journal ls: cannot access /var/log/journal: No such file or directory [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /var/log/journal [root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-journald [root@localhost ~]# ls -R /run/log/journal/ ls: cannot access /run/log/journal/: No such file or directory [root@localhost ~]# ls -R /var/log/journal /var/log/journal: 81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878 /var/log/journal/81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878: system.journal [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzazione della lista di boot. Verifica della persistenza al reboot. [root@localhost ~]# journalctl --list-boots -1 2f4fbe37d34d42bb94a9042eba2d3f89 Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET—Mon 2018-11-26 17:25:04 CET 0 233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2 Mon 2018-11-26 17:12:57 CET—Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -b -1 -u postfix -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET. -- Nov 26 13:23:12 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent... Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Mail Transport Agent... Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mail Transport Agent. [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -b 0 -u postfix -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET. -- Nov 26 17:13:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent... Nov 26 23:01:26 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzazione dei kernel log del boot precedente [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -k -b -1 -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:51 CET. -- Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset Nov 26 13:22:30 localhost.localdomain kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu ... Nov 26 17:23:25 localhost.localdomain systemd-journald[459]: Received SIGTERM from PID 1 (systemd). Nov 26 17:25:03 localhost.localdomain kernel: Ebtables v2.0 unregistered Nov 26 17:25:03 localhost.localdomain kernel: type=1305 audit(1543249503.313:853): audit_pid=0 old=731 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1 ... Nov 26 17:25:03 localhost.localdomain systemd-shutdown[1]: Syncing filesystems and block devices. Nov 26 17:25:04 localhost.localdomain systemd-shutdown[1]: Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes... [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzazione della unit **postfix** in configurazione di persistenza (verificare la visualizzazione dei boot) [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:06:50 CET. -- Nov 26 13:23:12 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent... Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix Nov 26 13:23:18 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Mail Transport Agent... Nov 26 17:24:59 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mail Transport Agent. -- Reboot -- Nov 26 17:13:40 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent... Nov 26 23:01:26 localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix Nov 26 23:01:27 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. - Visualizzazione in follow mode\\ Per generare un messaggio di log utilizzare **logger** [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 -f -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET. -- Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain systemd-logind[755]: New session 3 of user root. Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Session 3 of user root. Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain sshd[2028]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain dbus[757]: [system] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.problems' (using servicehelper) Nov 26 23:08:16 localhost.localdomain dbus[757]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.problems' [root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.err "logger message prio err" [root@localhost ~]# Nov 26 23:09:13 localhost.localdomain root[2112]: logger message prio err ^C [root@localhost ~]# - Visualizzare un evento in modalita' verbose, json-pretty [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix -o verbose -n 1 -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:10:01 CET. -- Mon 2018-11-26 23:01:27.226838 CET [s=0ffb05c238394c6bb39660bc2c0b08fb;i=f90;b=233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2;m=2f3c47b;t=57b98797ff589;x=4ed15931e599c3cf] PRIORITY=6 _UID=0 _GID=0 _MACHINE_ID=81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878 _HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain SYSLOG_FACILITY=3 SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=systemd CODE_FILE=src/core/job.c CODE_LINE=776 CODE_FUNCTION=job_log_status_message MESSAGE_ID=39f53479d3a045ac8e11786248231fbf RESULT=done _TRANSPORT=journal _PID=1 _COMM=systemd _EXE=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd _CAP_EFFECTIVE=1fffffffff _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/ _CMDLINE=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22 UNIT=postfix.service MESSAGE=Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. _BOOT_ID=233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2 _SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1543269687226838 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix -o json-pretty -n 1 { "__CURSOR" : "s=0ffb05c238394c6bb39660bc2c0b08fb;i=f90;b=233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2;m=2f3c47b;t=57b98797ff589;x=4ed15931e599c3cf", "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP" : "1543269687227785", "__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP" : "49529979", "_BOOT_ID" : "233a251b2d3d4831b63d9ebfac6b6fb2", "PRIORITY" : "6", "_UID" : "0", "_GID" : "0", "_MACHINE_ID" : "81c211dd7e6f428995dec2e9d999c878", "_HOSTNAME" : "localhost.localdomain", "SYSLOG_FACILITY" : "3", "SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER" : "systemd", "CODE_FILE" : "src/core/job.c", "CODE_LINE" : "776", "CODE_FUNCTION" : "job_log_status_message", "MESSAGE_ID" : "39f53479d3a045ac8e11786248231fbf", "RESULT" : "done", "_TRANSPORT" : "journal", "_PID" : "1", "_COMM" : "systemd", "_EXE" : "/usr/lib/systemd/systemd", "_CAP_EFFECTIVE" : "1fffffffff", "_SYSTEMD_CGROUP" : "/", "_CMDLINE" : "/usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22", "UNIT" : "postfix.service", "MESSAGE" : "Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.", "_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP" : "1543269687226838" } [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -u postfix -o short-monotonic -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:11:11 CET. -- [ 42.829163] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent... [ 47.332654] localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system [ 47.727793] localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix [ 47.731300] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. [14548.219364] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Mail Transport Agent... [14548.477386] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mail Transport Agent. -- Reboot -- [ 43.798957] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent... [ 49.245069] localhost.localdomain postfix/postfix-script[1464]: starting the Postfix mail system [ 49.527571] localhost.localdomain postfix/master[1466]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfix [ 49.529979] localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent. [root@localhost ~]# - Modifica della configurazione\\ Disabilitare lo storage per i log, e verificare che rsyslogd non logga piu' [root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.info "logger message prio info" [root@localhost ~]# tail -n 2 /var/log/messages Nov 26 23:13:11 localhost nm-dispatcher: req:1 'dhcp4-change' [enp0s8]: start running ordered scripts... Nov 26 23:14:20 localhost root: logger message prio info [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/systemd/journald.conf [root@localhost ~]# grep ^Storage /etc/systemd/journald.conf Storage=none [root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-journald [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 --no-pager -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:15:53 CET. -- Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories. Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/usr/lib/systemd/system/firstboot-graphical.service:14] Support for option SysVStartPriority= has been removed and it is ignored Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain polkitd[782]: Registered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2280:91607 (system bus name :1.37 [/usr/bin/pkttyagent --notify-fd 5 --fallback], object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8) Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Flush Journal to Persistent Storage... Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[458]: Journal stopped [root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.err "logger message prio err again" [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 --no-pager -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:15:53 CET. -- Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories. Nov 26 23:15:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: [/usr/lib/systemd/system/firstboot-graphical.service:14] Support for option SysVStartPriority= has been removed and it is ignored Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain polkitd[782]: Registered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2280:91607 (system bus name :1.37 [/usr/bin/pkttyagent --notify-fd 5 --fallback], object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8) Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Flush Journal to Persistent Storage... Nov 26 23:15:53 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[458]: Journal stopped [root@localhost ~]# grep "prio err again" /var/log/messages [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/systemd/journald.conf [root@localhost ~]# grep ^Storage /etc/systemd/journald.conf [root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-journald [root@localhost ~]# logger -p user.err "logger message prio err again again" [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 5 --no-pager -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 13:22:30 CET, end at Mon 2018-11-26 23:19:09 CET. -- Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain systemd-journal[2341]: Journal started Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain polkitd[782]: Unregistered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2334:110793 (system bus name :1.38, object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8) (disconnected from bus) Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Flush Journal to Persistent Storage... Nov 26 23:19:05 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Flush Journal to Persistent Storage. Nov 26 23:19:09 localhost.localdomain root[2352]: logger message prio err again again [root@localhost ~]# grep "prio err again" /var/log/messages Nov 26 23:19:09 localhost root: logger message prio err again again [root@localhost ~]# ==== Parte 6: systemd utilities ===== - Visualizzare e modificare i diversi valori di host name tramite hostnamectl [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --static localhost.localdomain [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hostname localhost.localdomain [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --transient localhost.localdomain [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --pretty [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/machine.info cat: /etc/machine.info: No such file or directory [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --static set-hostname statichostname [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --transient set-hostname transienthostname [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --pretty set-hostname prettyhostname [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --static statichostname [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hostname statichostname [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --transient transienthostname [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl --pretty prettyhostname [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/machine-info PRETTY_HOSTNAME=prettyhostname [root@localhost ~]# - Modificare la timezone del sistema (verificare che i journal log cambiano la data) [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl Local time: Mon 2018-11-26 23:26:23 CET Universal time: Mon 2018-11-26 22:26:23 UTC RTC time: Mon 2018-11-26 16:38:43 Time zone: Europe/Rome (CET, +0100) NTP enabled: yes NTP synchronized: yes RTC in local TZ: no DST active: no Last DST change: DST ended at Sun 2018-10-28 02:59:59 CEST Sun 2018-10-28 02:00:00 CET Next DST change: DST begins (the clock jumps one hour forward) at Sun 2019-03-31 01:59:59 CET Sun 2019-03-31 03:00:00 CEST [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl list-timezones | grep -i new America/New_York America/North_Dakota/New_Salem [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York [root@localhost ~]# date Mon Nov 26 17:27:05 EST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# journalctl -n 4 -- Logs begin at Mon 2018-11-26 07:22:30 EST, end at Mon 2018-11-26 17:26:59 EST. -- Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname dbus[757]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.timedate1' Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname systemd[1]: Started Time & Date Service. Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname systemd-timedated[2564]: Changed time zone to 'America/New_York'. Nov 26 17:26:59 statichostname polkitd[782]: Unregistered Authentication Agent for unix-process:2559:158162 (system bus name :1.64, object path /org/freedesktop/Policy [root@localhost ~]# - Modificare l'ora del sistema (si deve disabilitare NTP: verificare che chronyd viene fermato) [root@localhost ~]# date Mon Nov 26 17:28:29 EST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-time "17:35" Failed to set time: Automatic time synchronization is enabled [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status chronyd ● chronyd.service - NTP client/server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 11:13:25 EST; 6h ago ... [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-ntp false [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status chronyd ● chronyd.service - NTP client/server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) ... Nov 26 17:06:50 localhost.localdomain chronyd[814]: Source 85.10.240.253 replaced with 185.19.184.35 Nov 26 17:29:29 statichostname systemd[1]: Stopping NTP client/server... Nov 26 17:29:29 statichostname systemd[1]: Stopped NTP client/server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-time "17:00" [root@localhost ~]# date Mon Nov 26 17:00:02 EST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-ntp true [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status chronyd ● chronyd.service - NTP client/server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-11-26 17:00:09 EST; 4s ago ... [root@localhost ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Rome [root@localhost ~]# date Mon Nov 26 23:00:32 CET 2018 [root@localhost ~]#